高中名词性从句讲解.doc

名词性从句一.概念 名词性从句共有四种:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句1 主语从句：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。(1)that不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。从句置于句首时，绝对不可以省略。That the driver could not control his war was obvious.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.（形式主语it）(2)if 不能用在主语从句中，而是用whetherWhether he left (or not) is unknown(3)当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用（dose），下面这个句型例外。What we need is more time and money.What we need are many more books.（就近原则）2.表语从句：表语从句出现在系动词后，充当表语。The trouble is that we are short of money.（不可省略）Go and get your coat. Its where you left it.（陈述句语序）(1) 引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有because, as if/ as though等等The reason (why/for which.) is that It/This/That is because(2) 连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型It seems/appears that.It looks/seems as if/as though(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气)It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3) as 也可以引导表语从句Things are not always as they seem to be3. 宾语从句：及物动词，形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。(1) 宾语从句时态与主句一致，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun(2) 连词whether和 if可以互换，但注意下列情况注：连词后紧跟or not；作介词宾语；连接词后直接加不定式；仅能用whether1）I want to know whether or not they will come.2）He was interested in whether he saw her there.3）He doesnt know whether to stay or not.如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导I care if he will not attend the meeting.(3) 当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause,that不可省略I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.(4) 当主语是I, we ，主句用think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine五个动词时，用否定转移I dont think he will win the game, will he?(5) that在宾语从句常可以省略，但由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词thatHe said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasnt hungry.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(6)that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(7) 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。4. 同位语从句，在句中作某些名词的同位语，对前面的名词进一步说明。用在下列名词 fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought（想法）,doubt.truth,order（命令）,suggestion（建议；暗示）。在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(1) There is no doubt that he will come.There is doubt whether he will come.Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them.There is no possibility that.(2) that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.We are interested in the news（that ）he told us.when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)Go and get your coat. Its in the place where you left it.(定语从句)5. 疑问词-ever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句No matter where I go, my heart is towards China.I believer whatever he says. （？） Whatever he says, I will never believe him.who与 whoever的区别 who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，whoever相当于anyone who“无论谁”Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.Can you tell me who that gentleman is?6当名词性从句缺少主语、宾语或表语时，引导词通常用what，它相当于。（另外，有时具有感叹意义all that, anything that或 the thing(s) that）What we cant get seems better than what we have.Tom thought what a beautiful girl Mary was.7.注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句It is only lately that he had had a family himself. 强调句What was it that he wanted? I dont know what it was that he wanted.It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem8.注意it 作形式主语的主语从句和as引导非限制性定语从句引导的不同It is known to all that the earth is round.As is known to all.the earth is round。补充名词性从句资料：1主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A.It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C.It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesnt matter (makes no difference,（没有区别） etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。F. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.(介词的宾语从句)注：1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。2作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。3that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。句子成分讲解：一 、主语主语相当于句子的话题或主题，即要说明的人或物。主语一般位于句首（倒装There stands a policeman/there be 句型 ），且不能省略。（能用来做主语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词或动名词短语、动词不定式或动词不定式短语、主语从句等。）名词（或名词词组普通名词/专有名词）、代词(主格人称代词/名词性物主代词/指示代词/疑问代词/不定代词)、数词(基数词/序数词) 、动名词(动名词/动名词短语)、形容词(poor, rich, young, old，happy,blind, beautiful，加the名词化) 、动词不定式（形式主语） 二 、谓语句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分，叫谓语。谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词，它有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响（1） 、动词的分类： 1、行为动词（或实义动词,分为及物和不及物v.）2、连系动词(link v.)：1）表示存在的连系动词，如：be，keep，look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是，保持), seem(好像)，lie(处于)，appear(呈现)等; 2）表示变化、形成的连系动词，如：become, get, turn, fall（变成），come(实现)，grow(变成)等。3、助动词(aux v.),用以帮助行为动词和联系动词，构成各种时态、语态、语气，或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构；常见的助动词有：be帮助动词的现在分词/过去分词, do, have, will ( shall );do，帮助行为动词构成否定句、疑问句、或对行为动词加以强调;have，帮助动词的过去分词构成完成时;.will 助动词，帮助行为动词构成将来时. 4、情态动词情态动词又被称作情态助动词，有一定的词义，主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法，表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。三、表语表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、数量、（动作）方向或处所等。表语一般位于连系动词之后，二者共同构成谓语。可以担任表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词Is Bill in、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句（表语从句）等。四、宾语句子中，表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语，宾语是动作的承受着。英语中，及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句（宾语从句）等。宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词。直接宾语和间接宾语：英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语；一个指物，叫直接宾语。He gave me an interesting book.He give an interesting book to me.如果直接宾语是代词，则必须放在间接宾语之前，并且在二者之间加上介词to或for。例如：复合宾语（对宾语进一步作补充说明）宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词I brought my dog here.、介词短语She always thinks others above herself.、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。例如： 常见的可带复合宾语的动词有：call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等。因此我们常用到以下短语：ask( tell / want / invite ) sb. to do sth.;其中，感官动词（see, hear ）和使役动词 （ let, make, have ）后，转换成被动语态时，加上to 。My father made me stay at home last night. I was made to stay at home last night by my father.五、定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子，叫定语，也称之为名词的修饰语。能担任定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格（s 或 of ）、分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句（定语从句）。 后置定语的使用情形：1）短语作定语时应后置2）副词作定语时应后置3）副词else 与不定代词、 what else , anything else 4）不定代词的定语应后置5）基数词、英文字母作定语6）enough 作形容词修饰名（前后都可以）7）定语从句放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 I dont like those who are selfish。 动词不定式作定语时，与所修饰的词通常存在逻辑上的动宾关系。There is no chair sit to sit on. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to sit on the chair; 所以介词 on 不能省略； man 和woman 作定语时应和其所的名词在数上保持一致。An apple tree, three apple trees ; a bus driver, some bus drivers ; a man worker , two men workers ; many women teachers . 现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别 六、状语时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方向以及伴随等情况。1. Ask her _come with me.A. if she will B. if will she C. whether will she D. will she2. Can you tell me _ the railway station?A. how can I get to B. how can I get to C. where I can get to D. where can I get to3. They have no idea at all _.A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone4._leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A .Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who5. These photos will show you _.A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like6. Can you make sure _ the gold ring/A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put7. When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A