定语从句专项讲解与练习.doc

定语从句专项讲解定语从句在句中修饰某个名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句需用下列关联词：关系代词和关系副词。 它们起连词作用，本身做从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语，本身在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语。 主要有who, whom, that, whose, which, as, when, where, why。PS:what不能引导定语从句. 指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that.The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist. Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing . The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. （=The man who/whom/ that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.) I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.) 掌握以上关系代词、关系副词的含义及使用时，要特别注意以下几点： 1） 指人时宜用who 的情况： a. 当先行词是 one, ones, anyone 或 those , these 时，关系代词用 who。The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. Anyone who goes there will be punished.These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school. b. 在there be 开头的句子中。 Theres a beautiful girl who came to see you this morning. There is a student who wants to see you. c. 先行词后有一个较长的定语。 I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese well.d. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards. e. 在非限定性定语从句中。 She has a brother, who worked at that factory ten years ago. 2) 指物时宜用 that 的情况： a. 当先行词为 all, none, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。All that can be done has been done. b. 当先行词既指人又指物时。 He spoke of the men and the thing (that) he had seen abroad. c. 当先行词是疑问词 who, what, which 时或者句子以疑问词 who , what , which 打头时。 Who that has such a home doesnt love it? d. 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级 或者 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。 This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.This is the best that can be done now. e. 当先行词被 the very, the only, the last, the same , just, one of , any, every , few , little , no , all , one of 等修饰时。 This is one of the very book that I am looking for. f. 关系代词在从句中作表语。 Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.3) 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况。 a. 引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry. b. 关系代词作介词的宾语。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.c. that，those作主语时 Those which are on the desk are English books. 4) 关系代词 as 和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容，as 引导的从句可位于句首或句末，which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首。 Which you know, he is a good man. () As you know, he is a good man. () 5)关系副词when, where, why其含义相当于on which, in which , for which等，可以互换： The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st. I dont know the reason why /for which he didnt come. 6)whose指物时，可以与of which等结构互换，但应注意与冠词的位置关系： This is the book the cover of which / of which the cover / whose cover is blue. 7)有时可用that代替关系副词。在口语中常省略。 This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late. 先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is very big. 定语从句之间有无逗号有时会引起名义的变化： He said nothing that made her angry. 他没说使她生气的话。 He said nothing, which made her angry. 他一言不发，这使她很生气。部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。Is this the book which she is looking for? The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li. The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Pings son. 11) 先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the sameas表示同样的, the samethat表示同一的。He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays. here they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch? (强调句型，强调疑问副词where.) Where is the watch he found yesterday? (定语从句，that指代the watch.) 4、 定语从句中的先行词 Is this book the one that you bought yesterday? Is this the book that you bought yesterday? 第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday? 5、 定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如： The news that we heard is not true. (定语从句) The news that he won the prize is not true. （同位语从句） 另: 在“have no idea 从句”结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如： I have no idea when she will be back. 6. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。） 在限制性定语从句中，从句是先行词不可缺少的定语（如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。）从句与主句关系密切，不用逗号。译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接 。在非限制性定语从句中，从句是对先行词的附加说明（如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。） 从句与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开。译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面。7. As 和which的辨析关系。 1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。 2.Tom didnt pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。 这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处： a在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。 b在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如”，“就像”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句2。【当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.】 再如： 1)He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。 2)The street hasnt been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as） 3)The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as） 4)He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as） 5)As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。 c . as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。 She has been late again, as was expected. Tom has made great progress, which made us happy. d. 在suchas、the sameas、 as、 as many/much as等结构中,as不能用which代替。 1)Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。 =Books such as this are =Books like this are 2)I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。 3)He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。 4)That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。 “One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况 8. “One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如： 1）That is one of the books that are required for study at school. 2）This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990. 3）She is one of the few persons who know Spanish . 4）This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties, 如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是one而不是那个复数名词。如： 1)He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one) He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers) 2)This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one) This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms) 9. 由关系副词when, where, why 所引导的定语从句。a. when 在从句中作时间状语, 其先行词多为表示时间概念的名词。We can never forget the day when HongKong returned to our homeland.我们永远也不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。b. where 在从句中作地点状语, 其先行词多为表示地点概念的名词。The building w here you used to live has been pulled down.你过去住的楼房已经被拆除了。c.why 在从句中作原因状语, 其先行词多为表示原因概念的名词。We know the reason why he was very angry.我们知道他为什么那么生气。This is the day when I joined the party/which he spent reading the books/which I still never forget. This is the place which we once visited/which I will never forget/which I am looking for/where I found the book. PS： 关系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联， 两者之间存在密切的联系。 1). 很多情况下关系副词用“介词whic