语法复习(二)冠词.doc

语法复习（二） 冠词冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词分为不定冠词a，an、定冠词the和零冠词三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。 一、定冠词（the ）1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物， 用于被短语或从句所限定的特指名词之前。This is the house where Luxun once lived.2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please.3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”） Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前 January is the first month of the year. Shanghai is the biggest city in China.5. 表示宇宙中独一无二的事物 the sun ， the moon ，the earth ， the sky ， the world 区分： a burning sun , a peaceful world6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词, 指国家、党派、巨大建筑、时代以及江、河、海洋、运 河、海峡、山脉、群岛、报纸、杂志等。the West Lake ， the Great Wall，the United States， the United Nations ，the Ming Dynasty,The Yangtze River, the Times (泰晤士报) 7. 表示方向、方位in the east / west/ south/ north, in the front , at the back , in the bottom , at the top on the right/ left8. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人或这一姓氏的夫妇俩the Blacks, the Smiths, the Zhangs9. 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 ， the living, the blind10. 演奏乐器时，西洋乐器前常用定冠词，但中国乐器的名称前不用定冠词。the piano, the flute, the violin, Erhu (二胡)11. 用在the very, the only , the same句子中This is the very book I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。 13. 在越越的句型中The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。 14. 在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人称代词。 take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in theface 打某人的脸 be red in the face 脸红 be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸 15. 用于某些固定的表达法in the morning / afternoon/ evening, go to the cinema/theatre all the year round , on the way to , in the distance, on the whole16. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. 17.用于“by + the + 计量单位”结构中 by the hour/day/ week/ month /year (按时、日、星期、月、年), 二 不定冠词 (a/ an)不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音开头的词前，an用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。 1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示一, 但数的概念没有one强 There is a tiger in the zoo. I bought a book yesterday.2. 表示一类人或事物, 相当于可数名词复数形式 A tiger can be dangerous. Tigers can be dangerous.3. 表示某一个的意思A gentleman wants to see you.4. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.5. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业My mother is a teacher. Cook became a skilled seaman.6. 表示“每一”，相当于every. I go to school five days a week.7. 用在序数词前，表示“又一”，“再一”。I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.8. 表示同一的意思They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。 Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚9. 用于形容词最高级前无比较含义，表示程度，意为“很，非常”。Paris is a most beautiful city. Paris is the most beautiful city in France.10. 抽象名称具体化，表示具体的人或事时。Music is really a great pleasure.11. 用在人名前，表示不确定的某个人， 也可以指与某人名有类似性质的人或事物。A John called during your absence. He wants to be a Newton.12. 用在某些固定词组中.a lot (of)许多，大量；after a while过一会儿, all of a sudden 突然a great many 很多 have a break 休息三 .零冠词1. 一般来说，物质名词、抽象名词表示一般概念时和不含普通名词的专有名词前不用冠词。Qinghua University，Tianan Men Square，Lincoln StreetFailure is the mother of success. Money is not everything.2. 可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/these，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格限制时。my book, every student, some water, these books3. 复数名词表示一类人或事物时。They are teachers. Tigers like meat.4. 在星期，月份，季节，节日前。on Sunday， in March， in spring， on Womens Day特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.他在1982年春季参军。5. 在称呼语或表示职位、职务的名词前。Tom, come and help me.Mr.Smith, head of the group, will plan for the whole trip.Wendy was made monitor for this month.6. 在学科名称，三餐饭和球类、棋类运动名称前。have lunch, play football, have chess7. 当school, hospital, church 等词表示建筑物的用途时， 常不用冠词； 但是，当这些词表示场所时，要加冠词。 in hospital, in the hospital, at school, at the school8. as/ though 引导的让步状语从句中，如果作表语的名词至于句首，习惯上单数名词前不用冠词。 Child as / though he is, he plays the violin perfectly.9. 一人兼多种身份的情况，只在第一个名词前使用冠词， 其他名词前不再使用冠词。 a clerk and writer, a clerk and a write a singer and dancer, a singer and a dancer10. 某些固定词组中不用冠词。(1) 与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus/ car/bike/ train/ air/ plane/ sea/ ship但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词(2) 名词词组day and night日日夜夜； brother and sister兄弟姐妹; here and there到处(3) 介词词组：at home在家； in surprise惊奇地； at noon在中午; on foot步行；on duty值日； at work在工作； on time准时；in class在上课；on show展览；in bed在床上(4) go短语：go home；go to bed；go to school；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼11.用与不用冠词的差异in hospital住院 in the hospital在医院里go to sea出海 go to the sea去海边on earth究竟 on the earth在地球上，在世上in front of在(外部的)前面 in the front of在(内部的)前面take place发生 take the place(of)代替at table进餐 at the table在桌子旁by sea乘船 by the sea在海边in future从今以后，将来 in the future未来go to school(church)上学(做礼拜) go to the school(church)到学校(教堂)去two of us我们当中的两人 the two of us我们两人(共计两人)next year明年 the next year 第二年a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人) 四、基础练习1. Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. (08山东) A. /; a B. /; the C. the,; the D. the; a2. We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent.(08江苏) A. the; the B. /; the C the; / D. /; /3. Its not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break.(08 全国) A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the D. a; the4. In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation. (o8重庆) A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the5. My neighbour asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy. (08辽宁) A. a; / B. the; the C. /; the D. a; the6. _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head. (08浙江) A. An; the B. The; the C. An; / D. The; /7. Have you heard _ news? The price of _ petrol is going up again. (08湖南) A. the; the B. /; the C. the; / D. /; /8. I am sorry to have come late for the meeting. It was not your fault. With _ rush-hour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. (08江西) A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a9. In the United States, there is always _ flow of people to areas of _ country where more jobs can be found. ( 08四川) A. a; the B. the; a C. the , the D. a, a10. I ate _ sandwich while I was waiting for _ 20: 08 train.(08陕西) A. the; a B. the; the C. a; the D. a; a11. Having received _ training of the MS. Company，he was offered _ important position in management. A. the; an B. 不填；an C. the; 不填 D. a; a12. Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?Yes. As you saw，_ party went on in _ most pleasant atmosphere. A. the; a B. the; the C. a; the D. a; a13. Its quite obvious that the aging population in China will cause _ heavy pressure on _ whole society in the future. A. a; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. 不填；the14. What new subject are you going to have in _ second grade?Im going to learn _ second foreign language. A. a; the B. the; a C. the; 不填 D. 不填；a15. Are you sure to help me find _ bed for my new house?Of course，but not now. Im heading for _bed to have a good sleep. A. a; a B. a; 不填 C. the; a D. a; the16. I often have conversations with John over _ telephone，while keep in touch with Tom by _ letter. A. 不填；the B. 不填；a C. the; 不填 D. the; a17. Charley Oakley，_ NBA star，hasnt lost _ game in the past three years. A. an; a B. a; the C. the; a D. an; the18. Many _ scientist wants to be _ second Newton. A. a; the B. a; a C. 不填；aD. 不填；the19. Were you educated in _ good school?Yes，_ very good one in my hometown. A. the; the B. a; a C. such; a D. so; the20. About 1979，he went to _high school and began to study _ law by himself. A. a; the B. 不填；the C. 不填；a D. 不填；不填21. They have their reasons for keeping their marriage _ secret for _ moment. A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a22. _ telephone is really _ most useful invention. Dont you think? A. The; 不填 B. A; the C. 不填；the D. The; a23. My mother asked me to repeat_ telephone number_ second time so that she could write it down. A. the; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; the 24. Historically，_ main material for making tables has been wood，but_ metal and stone have also been used. A. the; the B. 不填；不填 C. the; 不填 D. 不填；the25. You left_ “f” in_ spelling of the word “useful”. A. an; a B. a; the C. an; the D. a; 不填26. There is_ “u” in the word “guess”，but it is_. A. a; silent B. an; silent C. the; silence D. 不填; silence27. Teaching_ child to cook will improve many of the skills that he or she will need later in_ life. A. 不填；the B. a；不填 C. a; the D. the; a 28. We spent all our money because we stayed at_ most expensive hotel in town. Why didnt you stay at_ cheaper one? A. the; the B. the; a C. a; a D. a; the29. What about_ speech? It was too tiring，you know，_ speech for me. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. the; a 30. As _ unemployment is very high at the moment，its very difficult for people to find_ work. A. the; 不填 B. 不填; 不填 C. the; a D. an; the 31. _ British people always talk about_ weather. A. The; the B. 不填；不填 C. 不填；the D. The; 不填32. _ cook in _ restaurant by day，Katrina wants to be a rock star by night. A. The；a B. The；the C. A；the D. A；a 33. _ growing number of restaurants in Germany are taking everything American off their menus to protest_ war on Iraq. A. The; a B. A; a C. 不填; the D. A; the 34. Did you happen to see_ black and_ white cat?Are they missing? I told you to take care of them. A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; the35. _ new gym in our school was completed in_ Oct. of 2002，not in_ Aug. A. The; the; 不填 B. A; 不填; 不填 C. A; the; the D. The; 不填; 不填36. Though they are _ people of different sorts，they always buy dresses of _ style. A. 不填; the B. the; a C. 不填; a D. the; the37. As is known to all，_ tiger is in_ danger of dying out. A. a; a B. the; 不填 C. a; 不填 D. the; the38. What do you think of the director of the film? Oh，he is _ director who is pleasant to work with. Its _ pleasure to work with him. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; 不填39. We must remember that_ knowledge of computer is really_ must in modern society. A. the; a B. a; 不填 C. a; a D. 不填; a40. It is _ great pleasure to go to _ cinema after a weeks hard work. A. a; the B. the; a C. a; a D. the; the 41. About 25% of_ European can speak_ foreign language besides their native languages. A. the; a B. an; the C. the; the D. 不填; 不填42. Instead of writing_ letter，I talk with my mother on_ telephone once a month. A. the; the B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. one; a 43. Our athletes won 51 gold medals at_ 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. It means that China is really becoming remarkable in sports as_ country. A. the; a B. 不填; the C. 不填; 不填 D. the; 不填44. Dolly _ sheep，the worlds first cloned (克隆的) animal，was given _ shot to end her life on Feb. 14 because she was suffering from a lung disease common in much older sheep. A. 不填；a B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a45. When _ Brown was engaged，married or born，all _ Browns were present. A. 不填；the B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. certain; 不填46. In America lunch time is very short，therefore people dont talk much _. A. at the table B. at table C. around the tables D. around tables47. The police have _ power to arrest bad people by _ law. A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填；不填 D. 不填；the48. Hey，Mr. Smith，you are wanted on _ phone. Who is calling?_ Mr. Green. I dont know who he is. A. 不填；A B. the; 不填 C. the; A D. 不填；不填49. The president is talking on _ phone with astronauts in _ space. A. 不填；the B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填50. Travelling to space in _ spaceship is quite _ adventure for most men and women. A. 不填；the B. 不填；an C. an; an D. a; an51. Will you be on _ holiday soon?Well，Im too busy to take _ holiday now. _ manager has me work day and night. A. a; a; The; B. 不填；a; The; C. the; the; The; D. 不填；a; a; 52. My mother is usually on _ duty in the office every _ few days. A. the; a B. 不填；a C. 不填；不填D. a; 不填53 - Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?- Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village.A. the; a B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a54. _ walk is expected to last all day, so bring _ packed lunch.A. A; a B. The; a C. The; / D. A; /55. I like _ colour of your skirt. It is _ good match for your blouse.A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the56. -How about _ Christmas evening party? - I should say it was _ success.A. a; a B. the; a C. a; / D. the; /57. How about taking _ short break? I want to make _ call. A. the; a B. a; the C. the; the D. a; a58. I know you dont like _ music very much. But what do you think of _ music in the film we saw yesterday. A. /; / B. the; the C. the; / D. /; the59. Of all _ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was _ most important one. A. the; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; the60. It may rainyoud better take an umbrella in _ case. A. the B. a C. / D. an完形填空：While in the army there was nothing I dislike so much as the map-reading course，for the simple reason that I always feel _36_ even with a map in my hand. For weeks I had _37_ awake at night thinking of the _38_ test I would have to face at the end of the course. _39_ the evil day arrived. It was my responsibility to lead a small band of soldiers back to camp from the middle of _40_ .We were driven out in a(n) _41_ lorry and left in a ploughed field with _42_ to get back to camp as quickly as possible. Well knowing my _43_ ，the soldiers smiled as they saw me looking at the map and they made all sorts of helpful suggestions. I folded the map up，put it in my pocket，and said that we would _44_ east. After walking through the cornfield for over an hour we came to a wide stream. I looked at the map _45_ .It seemed to be_ 46_ with masses of thin blue lines. But which _47_ line was this stream? In despair，we sat down in the cool _48_ and I feel 1ike _49_ the map into the water. Fifteen minutes later，a boat passed and I asked the boat-man if he could give us _50_ to the nearest village. I _51_ that we had been out for a walk and _52_ got lost. The boatman invited us on _53_ and I felt _54_ when he told me that he had helped hundreds of soldiers to pass their map-reading test! Not long _55_ , we got off that boat and，following the boatmans instructions, took a bus into the village and got back to camp. 36. A. stupidB. blindC. puzzledD. lost 37. A. sufferedB. lainC. sleptD. laid 38. A. basicB. actualC. practicalD. special 39. A. At lastB. At onceC. As a resultD. After all 40. A. villageB. downtownC. nowhereD. forest 41. A. closedB. advancedC. ordinaryD. damaged 42. A. suggestionsB. directions C. informationD. instructions 43. A. weaknessB. thoughtC. taskD. strength 44. A. headB. pointC. march D. guide 45. A. graduallyB. thereforeC. merelyD. again 46. A. spreadB. paintedC. coveredD. separated 47. A. similarB. particularC. correctD. wonderful 48. A. tentB. shadowC. shoreD. shade 49. A. tearingB. throwingC. strikingD. destroying 50. A. liftB. rideC. favorD. service 51. A. declaredB. pretendedC. admittedD. described 52. A. altogether B. almostC. possibleD. somehow 53. A. boardB. boatC. purposeD. platform 54. A. afraidB. foolishC. fortunateD. interested 55. A. agoB. lateC. afterwardsD. away3640 DBCAC 4145 ADAAD 4650CBDBA 5155BDABC 阅读理解：Lucky is the man who has no “skeleton in his closet.” When a man has done something in his life that he is ashamed of, that he wants to hide, he is said to have a “skeleton in his closet.” Some peop