定语从句讲解以及练习.doc

定语从句讲解以及练习（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose,as等；关系副词有when, , why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is d by most boys.The factory which makes computers is far away from here.4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.5Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. Do you the book whose cover is yellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.(误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. （四）关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.2 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city I was born. The house I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Great changes are taking place in the city / in which they live.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. （五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。非限制性用逗号“，”与主句隔开。限制性意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。非限制性是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。限制性译法上译成先行词的定语：“的”， 非限制性通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上1.限制性作宾语时可省略，非限制性不可省略2.限制性可用that，非限制性不用that3. 限制性可用who 代替whom，非限制性不可用who 代替whom限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see. 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.3.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. 注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I dont the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A. I know a place we can have a picnic.I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. C. This is the reason why he was dismissed.This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who dont）（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句）刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。The fact that he has already died is quite clear.（同位语从句） 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由, when, how, who, whether, what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true. （定语从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同位语从句）我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.定语从句专项练习共100分，每小题2分 （充分考虑先行词在从句中的句法作用） 1. A football fan(球迷) is _ has a strong interest in football. A. a thing that B. something thatC. a person who D. what 2. The house, _ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired. A. the roof of which B. which roofC. its roofD. the roof 3. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about itC. which you talked withD. you talked about 4. The matter _ you were arguing about last night has been settled. A. that B. whatC. whyD. for which 5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A. which B. thatC. who D. whom 6. Who _ has common sense（常识） will do such a thing? A. which B. whoC. whom D. that 7. All the apples _ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. that B. thoseC. whichD. what 8. They asked him to tell them everything _ he saw at the front. A. what B. thatC. which D. 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last night. A. all which B. all whatC. that all D. all 10. A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan. A. who B. whosC. whose D. which 11. Is this the museum _ you visited the other day? A. that B. C. in which D. the one 12. Is this museum _ some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. that B. C. in whichD. the one 13. -How do you the book? -Its quite different from _ I read last month. A. that B. whichC. the one D. the one what 14. Which sentence is wrong? A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth. B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform? C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land. D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth. 15. The train _ she was traveling was late. A. which B. C. on which D. in that 16. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. B. on whichC. under which D. which 17. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. C. that D. about which 18. Its the third time _ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrivedC. that youve arrived D.when youve arrived 19. He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies. A. whom B. whoC. when D. because 20. The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945. A. when B. during thatC. in which D. which 21. He was born in the year _ the Anti-Japanese War broke out. A. which B. whenC. on whichD. during which 22. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _ he spent with his various students. A. when B. whichC. during which D. on which 23. This is just the place _ I am longing to visit these years. A. that B. C. in which D. to 24. We are going to spend the Spring festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. 25. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 26. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 27. He is not _ a fool _. A. such/as he is looked B. such/as he looks C. as/as he is looked D. so/as he looks 28. Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that 29. Some of the roads were flooded, _ made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 30. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 31. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 32. The buses, _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of that B. which most C. most of which D. that most 33. My glasses, _ I was a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that 34. Mr. Wu, _ everybody s, is going to give us a talk on chemistry. A. whom B. that C. which D. / 35. This is Mr. Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell us. A. who B. whom C. that D. / 36. _, the compass was first made in China. A. It is know to all B. It is known that C. We all know D. As is known to all 37. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 38. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 39. It was such a serious mistake, _ caused by carelessness. A. which I think was B. which I think it