翻译技巧8之必要重复.doc

Translation Skills (8)RepetitionI. 英语回避重复的主要方法1.指代法：即使用代词（主要是人称代词、物主代词、指示代词以及用于非限制性定语从句的关系代词等）来回避重复。I met John on the street yesterday. He was walking beside his sister. They were going to see a film.Mary is standing at the door, with her hand in her pocket.2. 换词法：即使用范畴词、上下义词、同义词或准同义词来回避重复。 The monkeys extraordinary feat was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, this remarkable animal had learned to drive the vehicle single-handed.电视的表达法：Television receiver, television, television set, TV, TV set, boob tube, telly, goggle box, idiot box3.省略法：即删去句中相同的词语来回避重复。I like strong tea, but I suppose weak is better for you. They are not known to retreat. They never have and never will. A: Would you like to go with me,B: Yes, Id like to. This orange is ripe. I know from its color. 英语回避重复的主要方法4.保留介词法：即保留同一个介词以回避名词、动词或形容词的重复。We talked about of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each otherof everything but out host and hostess. Dipline is indispensable to victory in war, to success in our work, and indeed, to the realization of out lofty goal.5. 紧缩法：即将语句中两个火几个相关联的成分合并在一起，以免一些词语的重复，使文字变得简洁紧凑。He was interested in the articles on and by Hu Xun.She was accepted not because of but in spite of her birth.You should practice speaking English both in and out of class.II. 汉语重复表达的特点1. 汉语第三人称“他”、“她”、“它”发音相同。 汉语很少使用指物的“它”，而是习惯重复原词，或借助指示代词。2. 汉语有一种连锁句，其中很多需要重复词语。有什么吃什么，有米饭吃米饭，有馒头吃馒头。3. 汉语的选择疑问句常常需要重复动词。努力提高呢？还是努力普及呢？4. 汉语缺乏与英语相像的关系代词、关系副词等一类的组合手段，所以汉语句子不宜太长。汉语里一个复杂思想，往往分成几个短句来表达。各短句之间的关系，有时靠“意合”，有时靠重复。这样才能承上启下，衔接自然。他这样教发音简直是误人子弟，误人还误得不浅。5. 由于修辞上的需要。英语中的重复多数是为了修辞，起强调作用。汉语的重复，即使是为修辞，也不单一地为了修辞，也不单一为了强调。有时为了排比整齐，有时为了推理层递，有时为了对偶工整，有时为了条理清楚。我们今天开这个会，就是为了继续团结，继续进步。这种作风，拿了律己，则害了自己；拿了教人，则害了别人。在战略上，我们要藐视困难；在战术上，我们要重视困难。童年 （罗大佑）池塘边的榕树上知了在声声叫着夏天操场边的秋千上只有蝴蝶停在上面黑板上老师地粉笔还在拼命唧唧喳喳写个不停等待着下课等待着放学等待游戏的童年 总是要等到睡觉前才知道功课只做了一点点总是要等到考试后才知道该念的书都没有念一寸光阴一寸金老师说过寸金难买寸光阴一天又一天一年又一年迷迷糊糊地童年 总结：英语中往往是在修辞时才使用重复，一般情况下则往往避免重复。汉语则不仅在修辞时使用重复，而且在一般情况下也大量使用重复。III. 重复翻译法定义：在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语，以使意思表达得更加清楚；或者进一步加强语气，突出强调某些内容，收到更好的效果。在英译汉中，需根据原文语境，正确运用词语重复方法，将英文避免重复的词语再现于汉语之中。这些关键词语的重复，会使译文增加既简洁又明快的效果。IV. 重复的意义1. 使意义更加明确1.1 重复名词：英文中名词第二次出现时，经常会以代词代替，甚至有时出现省略的情况。这种情况汉译时必须进行必要的重复，否则会影响汉语句意的表达。1.1.1重复作宾语的名词We should first begin to revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们首先应该修改一下我们的安全规则和卫生规则。A good film serves to educate and inspire the people.一部好的电影足以教育人民和鼓舞人民。1.1.2重复作表语的名词John is your friend as much as he is mine.约翰既是你的朋友，也是我的朋友。He became a millionaireall by himself.他成为一个百万富翁一个白手起家的百万富翁。1.1.3重复英语前置词短语中所省略的名词：英语中常重复使用前置词，并将第二个、第三个前置词前的名词省略，译成汉语时则往往要将这种名词重译。Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。This woman often got into argument with her colleagues or with the boss.这个女人经常和她的同事们争吵，或者同老板争吵。1.1.4重复英语中作先行词的名词：英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），另一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。The railway of the future may well be the “hovertrain”, which never touches rails at a speed up to 300 m.p.h.“气垫火车”很可能是铁路的未来。“气垫火车”不接触铁轨，时速可达300英里。There is a great technological explosion generated by science around us, which is already freeing vast numbers of people from their traditional bondage to nature.科学在我们周围引起了技术爆炸。这个爆炸正在把众多的人们从自然的传统束缚中解放出来。此外，英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。例如：Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流。1.2重复动词 英语句子中常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，译成汉语时往往要重复这个动词。Is this man an English or an American?这人是一个英国人呢还是一个美国人？For about a good ten hours, weve been praising our teachers and our school.整整有10个小时之久，我们一直在赞美我们的老师，赞美我们的学校。 英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，汉译时则要重复省略的动词。They had prepared for this campaign as carefully as they had for larger ones.他们为这次战役所做的准备，其周密细致的程度，同他们为更大战役所做的准备一样。He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, or fights, nor contests of strength.他不再梦见暴风骤雨，不再梦见惊人的事件，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。 有时候英语中连前置词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。They wanted to know if she complied with terms of her employment and her obligations as a Chinese. 他们想要知道，她是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为中国公民应尽的责任。1.3 重复代词 英语用代词替代前文所述的人或物，因此代词在英文句子中出现频繁。汉译时往往按汉语的习惯重复其所替代的名词。例如：Each country had its own customs.各国有各国的风俗。Ignoring a problem does not solve it.对一个问题置之不理，并不能解决问题。 英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词whoever, whenever, wherever等等，翻译成汉语时往往使用重复法处理。例如：Whoever works hard will be praised.谁努力工作，谁就会受到表扬。You can come over to see me whenever you are free.你什么时候有空，就什么时候来找我。 英语中someand others(some, others)连用的句子，汉语时往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可用“有的，有的”句式。例如：Some are playing football, others are playing basketball.踢足球的在踢足球，打篮球的在打篮球。或有的在踢足球，有的在打篮球。为了使译文明确具体，除了上面谈到的一些重复手段外，还有一种情况：英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是形式上的重复手段。例如:This young man was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.这个年轻人既精于飞行，又善于导航。To him, the birds sang and the flowers bloomed.鸟儿向他歌唱, 花儿也为他开放。2. 起强调作用为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻的印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。Work while you work, play while you play.该工作时就工作，该玩时就玩。He demanded total loyalty, not loyalty in the traditional sense, but total loyalty, not just to office or party, or concept, but loyalty first and foremost to Lyndon Johnson.他要求的是绝对忠诚，不是传统意义上的忠诚，而是绝对忠诚，不只是对职务、政党或观念的忠诚，而是首先对林登 约翰逊的忠诚。 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语时有时可以用同义词重复。He hated her and she hated him, they divorced each other in the end.他恨她，她也嫌他，最后他们只好分道扬镳了。During their stay in Beijing, they visited some old friends, visited Beijing University and visited the Great Wall.他们在北京逗留期间，拜访了几个老朋友，参观了北京大学，游览了万里长城。3. 使表达更加生动由于译文行文上的考虑，有时虽然英语原文中没有词的重复，翻译时为了译文生动，有时也可采用一些重复手段。3.1 运用两个四字词组汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。There had been too much publicity about his case.他的事已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。Liu Hulan showed herself calm in an emergency situation.刘胡兰在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。3.2 运用四字对偶词组汉语中有不少四字对偶词组，在这四字中，前后两对字形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义，所以也是一种重复。great contributions 丰功伟绩gratitude 感恩戴德ingratitude 忘恩负义prosperity 繁荣昌盛arrogance 骄傲自大careless 粗心大意in chaos 乌烟瘴气street gossip 街谈巷议rumor 流言蜚语The trial, in my opinion, was absolutely fair.在我看来，这次审判绝对是公平合理的。It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of Shanghai were brilliant with moving men.这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，上海的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。3.3 运用词的重叠词的重叠是汉语中常用的一种修辞手段。英译汉时，我们可适当采用这种手段，特别是四字重叠词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言不讳。3.4 运用对仗英语对仗句式前后两部分常有词的重复，译成汉语时应尽可能保持同样词的重复。Eye for eye, tooth for tooth. 以眼还眼，以牙还牙。Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。Practice：1. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.2. The letter “I” represents I, “O” owe, and “U” you.3. He had met with great difficulties in writing his term paper.4. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.5. Rain or shine, Ill go there.6. If you go to Beijing, dont forget to see my younger brother.7. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other-of everything but our host and hostess.8. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.9. Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.10. Is he a friend or an enemy?11. Happy families also had their own troubles.12. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.13. Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.14. He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.15. You say that you love rain, but you open your umbrella when it rains. You say that you love the sun, but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines. You say that you love the wind, but you close your windows when wind blows. This is why I am afraid, you say that you love me too.参考译文：1. 勇之过度则蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度则为贪。（原文省略了定语和谓语，译成汉语时应补上）2. 字母I代表“我”，O代表“欠”，U代表“你”。（将省略的动词译出来）3. 他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。（英语中