某变电所毕业设计的中英文对照（中英文翻译）VIP

XXX： XF110KV 变电所设计 1 摘 要 XF 110KV变电所是地区重要变电所，是电力系统 110KV电压等级的重要部分。其设计分为电气一次部分和电气二次部分设计。 一次部分由说明书，计算书与电气工程图组成，说明书和计算书包括变电所总体分析 ;负荷分析与主变选择 ;电气主接线设计 ;短路电流计算 ;电气设备选择 ;配电装置选择 ;变电所总平设计及防雷保护设计。 二次部分由说明书，计算书与电气工程图组成 。 说明书和计算书包括整体概述 ;线路保护的整定计算 ;主变压器的保护整定计算 ;电容器的保护整定计算 ;母线保护和所用变保护设计。 计算书和电气 工程图为附录部分。其中一次部分电气 AutoCAD 制图六张；二次部分为四张手工制图。 本变电所设计为毕业设计课题，以巩固大学所学知识。通过本次设计，使我对电气工程及其自动化专业的主干课程有一个较为全面，系统的掌握，增强了理论联系实际的能力，提高了工程意识，锻炼了我独立分析和解决电力工程设计问题的能力，为未来的实际工作奠定了必要的基础。 关键词 : 、变电所 、变压器 、继电保护 Abstract XF county 110KV substation is an important station in this distract, which is one of the extremely necessary parts of the 110KV network in electric power system. The design of the substation can be separated in two parts: primary part and secondary part of the electric design. The first part consists of specifications, computation book and Electrical engineering drawings about the design. The specifications has several parts which are General analysis of the station, Load analysis, The selection of the main transformer, Layout of configuration, Computation of short circuit; Select of electric 郑州大学电气工程学院毕业论文 2 devices, Power distribution devices, General design of substation plane and the design of thunderbolt protection. The second part also consists of specifications, computation book and electrical drawings about the design。 Specifications and computation book include following section: General, The evaluation and calculate of line protection, Transformer protection, capacitor protection, Bus protection and Self-using transformer protection. Computation book, Electrical engineering drawings and catalogue of drawings are attached in the end。 There are nine drawings total, in which four are prepared by hand, others are prepared by computer in which installed the software electrical AutoCAD. From other view, it also can be classified as first part and second part. This is a design of substation for graduation design test. It can strengthen our specified knowledge. Key-words: substation transformer Relay protection 谢 辞 首先， 在设计前的理论学习和实验环节 中，刘宪林、王 克文、陈根永、孔斌、包毅等专业课和实验指导老师的教导为我提供了丰富的专业理论知识和实践分析能力。在本次设计的近一个学期中， 和 极其认真负责的辅导和耐心的解答帮助我解决了一个个的难题。 在此要对 老师 们 不辞劳苦的工作和无私奉献的精神表示衷心的感谢！ 在本次设计过程中， 特别 要 感谢同寝室的同学 、 及同组的同学，他们的帮助让这次设计变得轻松了许多。 设计中虽 然 充分采纳了老师和同学们的意见，几经修改，但由于是初次设计，加之自身水平有限， 设计及论述过程中难免有错误， 请 各位老师批评指正。 附录 1：外文资料翻译 A1.1 译文 变压 器 1. 介绍 要从远端发电厂送出电能，必须应用高压输电。因为最终的负荷，在一些点高电压必须降低。变压器能使电力系统各个部分运行在电压不同的等级。本文我XXX： XF110KV 变电所设计 3 们讨论的原则和电力变压器的应用。 2. 双绕组变压器 变压器的最简单形式包括两个磁通相互耦合的固定线圈。两个线圈之所以相互耦合，是因为它们连接着共同的磁通。 在电力应用中，使用层式铁芯变压器 (本文中提到的 )。 变压器 是 高效率的 ，因为它没有旋转损失， 因此 在电压等级转换的过程中，能量损失比较少 。典型的效率范围 在 92 到 99%， 上限值适用于大功率变压器。 从交流电源 流入电流的一侧被称为变压器的一次侧绕组或者是原边。它在铁圈中建立了磁通 ，它的幅值和方向都会发生周期性的变化。磁通连接的第二个绕组被称为变压器的二次侧绕组或者是副边。磁通是变化的；因此依据楞次定律，电磁感应在二次侧产生了电压。变压器在原边接收电能的同时也在向副边所带的负荷输送电能。这就是变压器的作用。 3. 变压器的工作原理 当二次侧电路开路是，即使原边被施以正弦电压 Vp，也是没有能量转移的。外加电压在一次侧绕组中产生一个小电流 I。这个空载电流有两项功能：（ 1）在铁芯中产生电磁通，该磁通在零和 m 之间做正弦变化， m 是铁芯磁通的最大值；（ 2）它的一个分量说明了铁芯中的涡流和磁滞损耗。这两种相关的损耗被称为铁芯损耗。 变压器空载电流 I 一般大约只有满载电流的 2% 5%。因为在空载时，原边绕组中的铁芯相当于一个很大的电抗，空载电流的相位大约将滞后于原边电压相位 90。显然可见电流分量 Im= I0sin0，被称做励磁电流，它在相位上滞后于原边电压 VP 90。就是这个分量在铁芯中建立了磁通；因此磁通 与 Im 同相。 第二个分量 Ie=I0sin0， 与原边电压同相。这个电流分量向铁芯提供用于损耗的电流。两个相量的分量和代表空载电流，即 I0 = Im+ Ie 应注意的是空载电流是畸变和非正弦形的。这种情况是非线性铁芯材料造成的。 如果假定变压器中没有其他的电能损耗一次侧的感应电动势 Ep 和二次侧的感应电压 Es 可以表示出来。因为一次侧绕组中的磁通会通过二次绕组，依据法拉第电磁感应定律，二次侧绕组中将产生一个电动势 E，即 E=N/t。相同的磁通会通过原边自身，产生一个电动势 Ep。正如前文中讨论到的，所产生的电压必定滞后于磁通 90，因此，它于施加的电压有 180的相位差。因为没有电流流过二次侧绕组， Es=Vs。一次侧空载电流很小，仅为满载电流的百分之几。因此原边电压很小，并且 Vp 的值近乎等于 Ep。原边的电压和它产生的磁通波形是正弦形的；因此郑州大学电气工程学院毕业论文 4 产生电动势 Ep 和 Es 的值是做正弦变化的。产生电压的平均值如下 Eavg = turns给 定 时 间 内 磁 通 变 化 量给 定 时 间即是法拉第定律在瞬时时间里的应用。它遵循 Eavg = N 21/(2 )mf= 4fNm 其中 N 是指线圈的匝数。从交流电原理可知，有效值是 一个正弦波，其值为平均电压的 1.11 倍；因此 E = 4.44fNm 因为一次侧绕组和二次侧绕组的磁通相等，所以绕组中每匝的电压也相同。因此 Ep = 4.44fNpm 并且 Es = 4.44fNsm 其中 Np 和 Es 是一次侧绕组和二次侧绕组的匝数。一次侧和二次侧电压增长的比率称做变比。用字母 a 来表示这个比率，如下式 a = psEE = psNN 假设变压器输出电能等于其输入电能 这个假设适用于高效率的变压 器。实际上我们是考虑一台理想 状态下的变压器；这意味着它没有任何损耗。因此 Pm = Pout 或者 VpIp primary PF = VsIs secondary PF 这里 PF 代表功率因素。在上面公式中一次侧和二次侧的功率因素是相等的；因此 VpIp = VsIs 从上式我们可以得知 psVV = psII psEE a 它表明端电压比等于匝 数比，换句话说，一次侧和二次侧电流比与匝数比成反比。匝数比可以衡量二次侧电压相对于一次恻电压是升高或者是降低。为了计算电压，我们需要更多数据。 终端电压的比率变化有些根据 负 载和它的功率因素。 实际 上 , 变比 从 标识牌数据 获得 , 列出在 满载 情况下 原边 和 副边 电压。 当副边电压 Vs 相对于原边电压减小时，这个变压器就叫做降压变压器。如果这个电压是升高的，它就是一个升压变压器。在一个降压变压器中传输变比 a 远大于 1(a1.0)，同样的，一个升压变压器的变比小于 1(a XXX： XF110KV 变电所设计 7 A1.2 原文 TRANSFORMER 1. INTRODUCTION The high-voltage transmission was need for the case electrical power is to be provided at considerable distance from a generating station. At some point this high voltage must be reduced, because ultimately is must supply a load. The transformer makes it possible for various parts of a power system to operate at different voltage levels. In this paper we discuss power transformer principles and applications. 2. TOW-WINDING TRANSFORMERS A transformer in its simplest form consists of two stationary coils coupled by a mutual magnetic flux. The coils are said to be mutually coupled because they link a common flux. In power applications, laminated steel core transformers (to which this paper is restricted) are used. Transformers are efficient because the rotational losses normally associated with rotating machine are absent, so relatively little power is lost when transforming power from one voltage level to another. Typical efficiencies are in the range 92 to 99%, the higher values applying to the larger power transformers. The current flowing in the coil connected to the ac source is called the primary winding or simply the primary. It sets up the flux in the core, which varies periodically both in magnitude and direction. The flux links the second coil, called the secondary winding or simply secondary. The flux is changing; therefore, it induces a voltage in the secondary by electromagnetic induction in accordance with Lenzs law. Thus the primary receives its power from the source while the secondary supplies this power to the load. This action is known as transformer action. 3. TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES When a sinusoidal voltage Vp is applied to the primary with the secondary open-circuited, there will be no energy transfer. The impressed voltage causes a small current I to flow in the primary winding. This no-load current has two functions: (1) it produces the magnetic flux in the core, which varies sinusoidally between zero and m, where m is the maximum value of the core flux; and (2) it provides a component to account for the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core. There combined losses are 郑州大学电气工程学院毕业论文 8 normally referred to as the core losses. The no-load current I is usually few percent of the rated full-load current of the transformer (about 2 to 5%). Since at no-load the primary winding acts as a large reactance due to the iron core, the no-load current will lag the primary voltage by nearly 90. It is readily seen that the current component Im= I0sin0, called the magnetizing current, is 90 in phase behind the primary voltage VP. It is this component that sets up the flux in the core; is therefore in phase with Im. The second component, Ie=I0sin0, is in phase with the primary voltage. It is the current component that supplies the core losses. The phasor sum of these two components represents the no-load current, or I0 = Im+ Ie It should be noted that the no-load current is distortes and nonsinusoidal. This is the result of the nonlinear behavior of the core material. If it is assumed that there are no other losses in the transformer, the induced voltage In the primary, Ep and that in the secondary, Es can be shown. Since the magnetic flux set up by the primary winding， there will be an induced EMF E in the secondary winding in accordance with Faradays law, namely, E=N/t. This same flux also links the primary itself, inducing in it an EMF, Ep. As discussed earlier, the induced voltage must lag the flux by 90, therefore, they are 180 out of phase with the applied voltage. Since no current flows in the secondary winding, Es=Vs. The no-load primary current I0 is small, a few percent of full-load current. Thus the voltage in the primary is small and Vp is nearly equal to Ep. The primary voltage and the resulting flux are sinusoidal; thus the induced quantities Ep and Es vary as a sine function. The average value of the induced voltage given by Eavg = turns c h a n g e i n f l u x i n a g i v e n t i m eg i v e n t i m ewhich is Faradays law applied to a finite time interval. It follows that Eavg = N 21/(2 )mf= 4fNm which N is the number of turns on the winding. Form ac circuit theory, the effective or root-mean-square (rms) voltage for a sine wave is 1.11 times the average voltage; thus E = 4.44fNm Since the same flux links with the primary and secondary windings, the voltage per turn in each winding is the same. Hence Ep = 4.44fNpm XXX： XF110KV 变电所设计 9 and Es = 4.44fNsm where Ep and Es are the number of turn on the primary and secondary windings, respectively. The ratio of primary to secondary induced voltage is called the transformation ratio. Denoting this ratio by a, it is seen that a = psEE = psNN Assume that the output power of a transformer equals its input power, not a bad sumption in practice considering the high efficiencies. What we really are saying is that we are dealing with an ideal transformer; that is, it has no losses. Thus Pm = Pout or VpIp primary PF = VsIs secondary PF where PF is the power factor. For the above-stated assumption it means that the power factor on primary and secondary sides are equal; therefore VpIp = VsIs from which is obtained psVV = psII psEE a It shows that as an approximation the terminal voltage ratio equals the turns ratio. The primary and secondary current, on the other hand, are inversely related to the turns ratio. The turns ratio gives a measure of how much the secondary voltage is raised or lowered in relation to the primary voltage. To calculate the voltage regulation, we need more information. The ratio of the terminal voltage varies somewhat depending on the load and its power factor. In practice, the transformation ratio is obtained from the nameplate data, which list the primary and secondary voltage under full-load condition. When the secondary voltage Vs is reduced compared to the primary voltage, the transformation is said to be a step-down transformer: conversely, if this voltage is raised, it is called a step-up transformer. In a step-down transformer the transformation ratio a is greater than unity (a1.0), while for a step-up transformer it is smaller than unity (a1.0). In the event that a=1, the transformer secondary voltage equals the primary voltage. This is a special type of transformer used in instances where electrical isolation is required between the primary and secondary circuit while maintaining the same voltage level. Therefore, this transformer is generally knows as an isolation transformer. 郑州大学电气工程学院毕业论文 10 As is apparent, it is the magnetic flux in the core that forms the connecting link between primary and secondary circuit. In section 4 it is shown how the primary winding current adjusts itself to the secondary load current when the transformer supplies a load. Looking into the transformer terminals from the source, an impedance is seen which by definition equals Vp / Ip. From psVV = psII psEE a , we have Vp = aVs and Ip = Is/a.In terms of Vs and Is the ratio of Vp to Ip is ppVI = /ssaVIa = 2 ssaVI But Vs / Is is the load impedance ZL thus we can say that Zm (primary) = a2ZL This equation tells us that when an impedance is connected to the secondary side, it appears from the source as an impedance having a magnitude that is a2 times its actual value. We say that the load impedance is reflected or referred to the primary. It is this property of transformers that is used in impedance-matching applications. 4. TRANSFORMERS UNDER LOAD The primary and secondary voltages shown have similar polarities, as indicated by the “dot-making” convention. The dots near the upper ends of the windings have the same meaning as in circuit theory; the marked terminals have the same polarity. Thus when a load is connected to the secondary, the instantaneous load current is in the direction shown. In other words, the polarity markings signify that when positive current enters both windings at the marked terminals, the MMFs of the two windings add. Since the secondary voltage depends on the core flux 0, it must be clear that the flux should not change appreciably if Es is to remain essentially constant under normal loading conditions. With the load connected, a current Is will flow in the secondary circuit, because the induced EMF Es will act as a voltage source. The secondary current produces an MMF NsIs that creates a flux. This flux has such a direction that at any instant in time it opposes the main flux that created it in the first place. Of course, this is Lenzs law in action. Thus the MMF represented by NsIs tends to reduce the core flux 0. This means that the flux linking the primary winding reduces and consequently the primary induced voltage Ep, This reduction in induced voltage causes a greater difference between the impressed voltage and the counter induced EMF, thereby XXX： XF110KV 变电所设计 11 allowing more current to flow in the primary. The fact that primary current Ip increases means that the two conditions stated earlier are fulfilled: (1) the power input increases to match the power output, and (2) the primary MMF increases to offset the tendency of the secondary MMF to reduce the flux. In general, it will be found that the transformer reacts almost instantaneously to keep the resultant core flux essentially constant. Moreover, the core flux 0 drops very slightly between n o load and full load (about 1 to 3%), a necessary condition if Ep is to fall sufficiently to allow an increase in Ip. On the primary side, Ip is the current that flows in the primary to balance the demagnetizing effect of Is. Its MMF NpIp sets up a flux linking the primary only. Since the core flux 0 remains constant. I0 must be the same current that energizes the transformer at no load. The primary current Ip is therefore the sum of the current Ip and I0. Because the no-load current is relatively small, it is correct to assume that the primary ampere-turns equal the secondary ampere-turns, since it is under this condition that the core flux is essenti