a级讲义1.doc

PRETCO-A 级辅导精讲笔记外语部尹亮亮2012年4月12日目录第一章 冠词，数词，代词等各类词性.1第二章 时态21第三章 被动语态及分词之一-动名词.27第四章 虚拟语气 .34第五章 从句40第六章 一致关系69第七章 强调、倒装.77第一章冠词等冠词：冠词是一种虚词，置于名词之前，说明名词所指的人或者物。冠词依附于名词而产生功能，不能离开名词而单独存在。英语冠词有3种：定冠词（definite article）the, 不定冠词（indefinite article） an ,a, 零冠词。定冠词the的基本概念是“特指”，基本含义是“这个，那个”，用于专指同类中的某一个人或物。不定冠词a,an的基本概念是“非特指”，基本含义是“一，一个”。用于指某内人或者物体中的任何一个或者某一个。零冠词是指名词前一种无形的冠词，即不用冠词的场合。例句：The Sun has been playing a game of hide-and-seek with us all day. The sky is the color of jade. A new moon leads me to the woods of dreams. An immense red sun hung low in the western sky. The old man was standing by the road, pipe in mouth.Child as Sally is, she has seen much of the world. Why on earth was he so nervous？【究竟】数词：基数词中1-12是独立词汇，13-19的基数词以后缀-teen结尾，20-90八个整十位数词以后缀-ty结尾。Thirteen, fifteen(不是fiveteen),forty( 不是fourty)表示其他两位数词，十位数与个位数之间需要用连字符“-”。Twenty-three, seventy-five, ninety-two 百位数与十位数之间，在英式英语中要用and连接。3，456 three thousand four hundred (and) fifty six . 英语中万的表示方法：英语中没有万这个单位，用英语表达4万，50万等要利用thousand: 40个千（forty thousand）, 500个千（five hundred thousand）. 汉语中有亿字，而英语中则没有，用英语表达亿要利用million,或者billion.【十亿】8千万-eighty million 【百万】一亿-one hundred million 80亿-eight billion (美) eight thousand million (英)使用数词的一些注意语法点：1 表示确指数字时，ten，hundred, thousand , million 只用单数形式，不加”s”.6 hundred students/ be worth two million/seven thousand eight hundred workers 2. 英语中x times +as+形容词或者副词原级+as 这个句型翻译为 A是B的X倍（净增加X-1倍）：减少到，降低到， 减少了，降低了。 Room A is twice as wide as Room B. A 房间的宽度是B房间的2倍。 （A比B宽了1倍）The box is four times as light as that box. 这个盒子比那个盒子轻3/4. Jack runs three times as fast as Jim. 杰克跑的速度是吉姆的3倍。（比快2倍）Asia is four times as big as Europe. 亚洲有欧洲的4倍大。（比大3倍） x times +形容词或副词比较(greater ,longer, faster)+than A is three times longer than B. A 比 B长2倍。 （A 是 B 的3倍） The car runs twenty percent faster than the motor. 小汽车比摩托快20%。 The cotton out put was four times greater than that of 1996. 棉花产量比1996年增产3倍。（是1996年的4倍） The lake is twice the width of that lake. 这个湖泊的宽度是那个湖的2倍。（比宽一倍） The earth is 49 times as large as the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。（大了48倍） half as many/much as 是的半倍 Half as many/much again as 是的1倍半 As many/much again as 是的2倍 I have half as many books as she has. 我的书只有他的一半多。 Mary has half as much money again as John. 玛丽的钱是约翰的一倍半。 I have as much wine again as you. 我所有的酒是你的2倍。 The river is half as long again as that one .这条河流比那条河流长一半。 （one and a half times longer than） Three is half as much again as two. 3比2多一半。Four is as much again as two. 4比2大一倍。 by 表示增加或者减少的净数， 不包括底数， 常可以省却：to 表示增加，减少，降低到，什么程度，一般包括底数在内。Reduce by 2/3 减少了2/3Reduce to 2/3 减少至(到)2/3The output of steel went up by three times over the previous year. 钢铁产量比上海一年增加了2倍。 （是原来的3倍） Hone Kong share prices rose/gained/closed up 4 percent today. 香港股票价格今天上升4%。增加了X-1倍，是原来的X倍 decrease/drop/fall/weaken/shortenby 本结构中，by后面表示纯减数，有时可以省却The cost of TV sets has dropped by 50% 成本下降了50% The travelling time was shortened 3times. 旅行时间缩短了2/3. 倍数+upon （over） 本结构表示超过倍 She is three times upon/over your age . 他的年纪是你的3倍。 倍数表达再比较increase by 5 times increase 5 times 5times as great as 大小为.的5倍，（比.大4倍） 5 times more than 比多4倍（是.de 5 倍） Twice as long as 长度2倍于（比长1倍） decrease by 20% 减少了20% decrease to 20% 减少到20% reduce by 5times 减少了4/5 (减少到1/5) decrease 3 times 减少到1/3（减少了2/3） twice less than 为的1/23times smaller 小到1/3(小2/3) 每隔于每逢的表示法every+基础词+复数名词every+序数词+单数名词every four days 每4天 （每隔3天）every fourth day 一些小数分数等的表达3+6=9 three plus/and six is /are equals/is equal to /makes/make nine. 2+2=4 two twos are four./ tow and two are four. 12-5=7 twelve minus five is seven. /9/3=3 nine divided by three is three. 常见数次表达方式2 two and a quarter two and four-fifths 1998年 nineteen ninety-eight /nineteen hundred and ninety-eight 20世纪80年代 nineteen eighties （ 可以写成1980s 或者1980s） 在40年代 In the 40s/ the forties/ October 8, 2005 Oct.8, 2005 (美) 缩写为 10， 8 ，05 8 Oct. 2005 (英) 缩写为 8,10,05或者8/10/05代词： 代词可以分为人称代词（I ,them, you）,形容词性物主代词（My，your）, 名词性物主代词（mine，hers）, 不定代词（anything, some）, 指示代词（this, that）, 疑问代词（who, whatever）, 反身代词（myself，itself）,相互代词（each other）和关系代词（as, who, which）等。 人称代词应该与其所替代的那个词在人生和数的方面保持一致。 Meat and fish are more expensive than they used to be. I dont like the book because it is too dull. 如果几个代词并列，次序如下：You and I /u and us My friend and I /herry and me You and they/you or them all 的用法总结 All 作为不定代词用于三者或者三者以上，接可数名词，也可以接不可数名词。 The 只能放在all的后面。比较： Of all -在所有中最 （常用最高级用） At all -根本（疑问，否定，条件） All In all-一切的一切 After all- 毕竟He is the most kind hearted man of all. He likes smoking least of all. I like her best al all If you do it at all, do it well. She is all in all to him. After all, no one is perfect . All books are not worth reading (并非所有的书都值得阅读) All the books are worth your reading. 所有这些书都值得你阅读。 也可以说 all of the booksAll is well. 一切正常All are well. 我们都好。 All has changed. 一切都变了。 All have changed. 我们都变了。 anyone 和 any one Anyone 是不定代词，只能指人，其后 不可以接of 短语： any one 意为 每个， 既可以指认， 也可以指物，可以接of 短语。 Anyone can do it . 任何人都可以做。（任何人）Any one of us can do it . 我们中间的任何人都可以做。（任何一个人） Any one of the books is worth reading. 这些书任何一本都值得读。（每一本，指物）Some one of us had done it. 我们中间某人做了。 （某一个，指人） Someone has done it . (某人， 指人) Some one of the windows was broken . （ 某一扇窗户，指物）介词 简单介词。 指的是由一个单词构成的介词，简单介词也可能是由形容词，副词，名词，连词等转变而来， 常用的有by, in ,after, on , at , past, since, till ,until, over ,opposite, off, near, of , with, up, under, towards, through, like, from , for, down, during, except, but ,beyond, between, besides, below, behind, before, among, along, against, above, across, about, onto, unlike, around, round, next, despite, than save 除以外。 以现在分词形式和过去分词形式结尾的介词这列介词由分词演变而来，常用的有excepting, including, regarding, concerning, considering, saving, respecting, pending, following等等。 合成介词如; into, outside, within, without, alongside 等等。 短语介词如: ahead of, along with, in regard to , except for, thanks to , due to, away from, by means of, in front of 等等。形容词： 多功能形容词，指既充当定语，又能充当标语或者宾语补足语的形容词， 多数形容词属于一类。 I feel sick. 我感到恶心。 (表语) That is a sick man. 那个是病人. (前置) The news made me sick. 这个消息使我感到难过。 （宾语补足语） The best possible meansThe best means possible It is possible that he will come (表语) That made it possible for us to fulfill the task on time. (宾语补足语) 由前缀a-构成的形容词作定语时候要求后置常见的有 afraid, alive, alone, alike, ashamed, asleep, afloat ,awake 等。 He is the only man awake at that time. A bright moon hung over the sea asleep. He is the only man alive in the village after the earthquake. 复合形容词 复合形容词有很多很多合成方式，中间通常用连字符- 但是也有不用连字符号的。 Snow white， chicken-hearted, self-centered, man-made, left-handed, second-hand, warm-hearted, deep-seated, young-looking, sweet-smelling, all-round, well-known, up-to-date, day-to-day 由现在分词转换而来的形容词。-ingExciting, charming, frightening, confusing, amazing, alarming, boring, appalling, refreshing, leasing, pleasing, surprising, encouraging, depressing, demanding, disappointing, amusing, shocking, astonishing, boring, interesting 由过去分词转换而来的-ed形容词Pleased, puzzled, amused, alarmed, delighted, excited, shocked, worried, bored, disappointed, depressed, married, offended, finished, crowded, interested, frightened, unexpected, embarrassed, troubled级 形容词级的构成 er, est 型 原级比较级最高级Bright Brighter brightestNarrow Narrower Narrowest Thin Thinner Thinnest (双写n)simplesimplerSimplest (直接加r或st)prettyprettierPrettiest ( 先变y为i) greygreyerGreyest 多音节形容词在原级前面加more 和 most 构成比较级和最高级。 原级比较级最高级Important More important Most importantBeautiful More beautifulMost beautiful 原级比较级最高级littleLesslesserLeastoldOlderelderOldestEldestFarFartherfurtherFarthestFurthestBadIll/evilWorseWorse WorstWorstlateLaterlatterBest Best nearnearerNearestNextMany/muchmoremost形容词的一些难点句型及用法 as+原级+as 和not +as+原级+as 前者意思为何一样，表示肯定意思。后者为 不及. 表示否定的含义，为不等量比较。两个as之间通常表示数量，程度，性质的词， 如 many, much, little ,few, good, tall等。 The tree is as tall as the building. He knows as little about music as I know about painting. I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts ,as in a palace. asas 结构的短语 可以用来表示比喻。As weak as a baby 非常脆弱 as silent as the dead 一片死寂As fair as a rose 像玫瑰一样美 as thin as lath 骨瘦如柴 比较级与than 连用， 用于两者之间的比较， 即 比.更It is more than she can understand. More than 常有不止 ， 超过的含义She is more than pretty. 她何止是漂亮You are more than welcome. 她何止是漂亮。 He is more than unfair. He is mean. 他岂止是不公平，他是卑鄙。与其说不如说Tom is more hones than silly. 杰克与其说是傻， 还不如说是诚实。 He is more a fool than a knave. 与其说他是个无赖， 还不如说他是个傻瓜。 比较级用于否定结构意思为 最不过Nothing cheaper . 再便宜不过了。There is nothing better. 最好不过了。The situation couldnt be worse. 形式再糟糕不过了。 I have never felt less like speaking to him. 我从未如此不想同他讲话。英语中有好多种结构可以表示“与其说倒不如说”He is a scholar rather than a businessman. 与其说他是个商人，不如说他是个学者。The man is rather mean than selfish. 那人与其说他自私， 不如说他卑鄙。It is more a poem than a picture. 与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。 be desirous 不同于be desirable主动意义被动意义Forgetful 健忘的Forgettable 可忘记的Respectful 表示尊敬的Respectable值得受尊敬的Painful 令人痛苦的Pained 感到痛苦的Delightful 令人高兴的Delighted 感到高兴的Frightful 可怕的Freighted 感到害怕的Disappointing 令人失望的Disappointed 感到失望的Embarrassing 使人困窘的额Embarrassed 感到困窘的Interesting 令人感到兴趣的Interested 感兴趣的Amusing 有趣的Amused 感到兴趣的Shocking Shocked Harmful 有害的Harmed 受害的Annoying 令人讨厌的Annoyed 感到厌烦的Fascinating 有吸引力的Fascinated 被吸引住的Astonishing Astonished SatisfactorySatisfiedPleasantPleased 副词在意义上， 妇科此可以分为 时间副词（now, late）, 地点副词（here, up）, 程度副词（very, so）, 频率副词（often, rarely）, 方式副词（fast, easily,）等。 功能上可以分为一般副词(there), 疑问副词（ when ）, 连接副词（ How， where） 等。 构成： 大部分副词是有相应的形容词加上后缀-ly， 但是个别有变化Slow slowly dear dearly cool coolly, bad badly , exact exactly Happy happily shy shily 有些副词是由介词或者地点名词加后缀-ward（s） 构成的 Forwards, backwards, downwards, northwards, upwards how 和whatlike 的用法比较How 用来询问别人的健康，食物的变化以及别人的意见解释等。How is your farther? How is the supper today? What用来询问人或者事物的本质，性质， 天气情况等。Whats the weather like this morning?Whats the new manager like? He is a noble man. 比较 How is his wife? She is very well. 他的妻子身体怎么样？ 她的身体很好。 What his wife like? She is easy-going. 他的妻子是怎样的一个人？ 她非常随和。 anything but 和 nothing but Anything but 意为 决不是， 后者为 不过是Thats anything but true. 那决不是真的。 Dont worry for my illness: what I need is nothing but a few days rest. 不要为我的病担心， 我只要稍稍休息几天就好了。 just 和just now Just 表示恰好，刚才， 只是。 不过 just 与现在完成时连用时才做刚才解。 若与其他时态连用则 一般不做“刚才”解。 It is just 12. 恰好，正好 He is just a child. 只是 We have just tried an experiment. 刚才。 Just now 用于过去时态 意 为 刚才I saw him just now . 我刚才见过他。 The foreign guests arrived just now. 外宾 刚到。 fairly , quite, rather, pretty Rather , fairly , quite 都有相当， 很的 意思。 Fairly 主要用来修士褒义或者中性的形容词或者副词。 如 good, well ,fine, nice, bravely ,cold, hot ,thick ,thin.等。 Rather 主要修士贬义的形容词。 如bad, ugly, stupid, boring等。Quite 常用来修饰 无比较级， 最高级的形容词， 副词如mistake, dead , right ,impossible等，也修饰good, bad ,tall ,recently , funny, early ,different, sure, happy ,honest, so ,enough等。 Jim is fairly clever, but jack is rather stupid. Ann did fairly well in the exam, but I did rather badly. The milk is fairly hot。 这牛奶热乎乎的。 The milk is rather hot. 这牛奶太烫。 rather than 用作连词， 其后的成分标示否定概念， 意为： 与其不如 宁可.而不 ， 不是而是 后面 可以接名词， 名词短语， 介词短语， 等。 名词 He is a writher rather than a teacher . 与其说他是个老师，不如说他是个作家。 She studies English literature rather than French literature. 而非法国文学。代词We are to blame rather than they. 该受责备的是我们，不是他们。 I , rather than u, should take the responsibility. 该负责的是我而不是你。 动词He ran rather than walked. 他跑着不是走着。(注意时态一致) She wrote rather than telephoned. 她写了信，不是打了电话。 不定式不带toRather than cause trouble, he went way. Rather than have the radio repaired, shed like to buy a new one. He wanted to swim rather than play volleyball. It cause people to think and act rather than just stand by. 分词It is snowing rather than raining outside. She is laughing rather than crying We should be optimistic rather than being pessimistic. 名词 英语名词， 可以分为普通名词 man ,city, 专有名词， tom , china, 集合名词 staff, team , 物质名词， iron, water, 抽象名词 fear, joy. 英语名词， 又可以分为可数名词， 和 不可数名词。 物质名词，抽象名词和专有名词为不可数名词， 普通名词和集合名词为可数名词。 在特定场合下， 不可数名词可以转换为可数名词。 动词行为动词Work study play 系动词Be seem become 助动词Shall will do 情态动词Can may must 变化形式不定式Study ride sing 过去式Studied rode sang 过去分词Studied ridden sung 现在分词Studying riding singing 情况过去式过去分词现在分词例词一般情况加 -d -ed加 -ing(去 e ) Laugh - laughed-laughing Live-lived-living Hurry - hurried-hurryingTry-tried-tryingPlay-played-playingPrey-preyed-preying 以辅音字母加y变 y 为 I加 -ed 加 ing 以元音字母加y加 ed 加 ing 以重度闭音节词尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写末尾的辅音字母加-ed,-ingPlan-planned-planningOccur-occurred-occurring以辅音字母c 结尾C后加k再加-ed，-ingTraffic -trafficked-traffickingPicnic-picnicked-picnickingPhysic-phyicked-physicking动词的5种句型结构结构例句动词（不及物）Birds fly.Yellow leaves are falling in the autumn air. The candle flickered 系动词+表语Her father is a professor.She became angry at the words. He seems satisfied with the new job. 动词+宾语Jane likes music very much. He decided to give up smoking. She said that she would leave for Paris soon. 动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Father bought me a new cap. The girl asked me where the bookstore was. He wrote her a long letter. 动词+宾语+补语I found the book interesting.The teacher asked the students to hand in their papers. They elected him dean of the department. 短语动词短语动词是由动词加介词，副词，或者其他动词构成的固定词组， 其作用和动词差不多。 有些相当于及物动词，有些相当于不及物动词。Speak of, act on, attend to, break into, do without, operate on, adjust to, add to, apply for, improve on , object to ,back up, give up, make out, pint out , carry out, put on, ring up, catch up with, look up to, get down to, date back to, put an end to , keep an eye on , make a fool of, take part in, send an invitation to , be proud of, take compassion on, in accordance with, take delight in, 复合动词Day-dream, ill-treat, dry-clean, undergo, chain-smoke 助动词 助动词情态动词Be(is am ,are , was ,were , been ,being) Can could (be able to ) Have ( has, had ,having ) May, mightDo (does, did)Shall, should (ought to) will ,would Shall(should) will ( would)Dare, need, must (have to ) No one is to enter the room without permission. （命令或者指示）A new bridge is to e built over the river soon. (计划或者安排相当于 be going to ) This kind of tree is to be found in that forest. ( 可能， 相当于 may, can ) What is to be done? 该怎么办？Was/were +不定式完成时态可以表示 本来打算 本来要(结果没做)He was to have attended the meeting, but he fell ill. had better/best+动词原形， would rather +动词原形， would rather/sonner+动词原形+than +动词原形和would rather + 虚拟式从句Had he better leave at once? 她最好马上动身? ( 此处had 通用语所有人称，并非过去式)You had better not go by air. Would rather 意思为 宁愿， i宁可， 后接动词原形， 否定式为 would rather not , 疑问句把would 放在主语前。 Would rather/sooner than 意思为宁愿而不， than 后面接不带to 的动词原形。 Wouldnt you rather work here ? 你不愿在这里工作吗？Id better be going now. Had better 和would rather 后可以用动词完成式， 表示过去未完成的动作。 You had better have done that. (当时你最好把事做完) 并没有做完 She would rather have been a painter. 他本来宁愿当一名画家的。 （但是没能） should 用于疑问句或者感叹句， 表示意外，惊喜等情绪， 与what ,how, why ,who 连用， 如果是疑问句， 则不需要回答， 有些相当于修辞性问句。 Why should I fear? 我会害怕?（I dont fear at all） Why should you beat the boy? 你为什么打那个孩子？ You shouldnt beat the boy. What should he do? 他还能做什么呢？How should I know? 我怎么会知道？表示应该做，并有一种道义上的责任I should help him because he is in trouble now. You should do it because you have promised to. 表示可能 该， 表示对现在情况， 将来情况或者过去情况的某种推测。 He should arrive at noon. 他该在中午到达。 Jim should be at home. 他可能在家。 They should have finished the work by tomorrow. 到明天他们就可能完成工作了。 情态动词+动词完成式（may, must ,should 。+have +过去分词）She may have said so. 他可能这样说过。 He may have had a serious accident. 她可能出了严重的事故。 He could have walked out of the desert . 他本来可以走出沙漠的。 You could have been more careful. 你本来可以更细心的。 lay 和 lie 原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法Lie Lay LainLying 躺，位于不及物动词LieLiedLiedlying说谎不及物动词LayLaidLaidLaying 放置，产卵及物动词The university lies in the east of the city . A vast field of bamboos lay before him . 一大片竹林呈现在他的面前。 hang 的用法原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法Hang HunghungHanging吊，挂及物动词HanghangedHangedhanging绞死及物动词He hung his clothes on the wall. The murderer was hanged and the dead was avenged. fall, feel 和fell 原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法FallfellfallenFalling落下，减弱不及物动词FeelFeltFeeling摸，感觉不及物动词FellFelledfelling砍伐，打到及物动词The leaves fall in autumn. 秋天叶落。Snow feels cold. 雪摸起来是冷的。 I feel the house shaking. She felt grief for the failure. The fallen tree was felled by an old man. have 的用法 Have +宾语+不带to的动词不定式Have +宾语+现在分词Have + 宾语+ 过去分词 使某人或者某物做某事，使某物某事被他人做了He had everybody fill out a form . 他让所的人都填了表格。 I had my films de