词形变化归纳.doc

中考英语复习词形归纳一、名词的复数形式构成：1.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数（1）加s，如：cafes, giraffes（2）去f，fe加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveslife-liveswolf-wolvesthief-thievesself-selveswife-wivesshelf-shelves歌诀记忆：树叶（leaf）半数（half）自己（self）黄；妻子（wife）拿刀（knife）去割粮；架（shelf）后窜出一匹狼（wolf）；就像小偷（thief）逃命（life）亡。这9个名词变复数时，都要改f（e）为v，再加es，2.以o结尾的名词，变复数（1）加s，如：photo-photospiano-pianosradio-radioszoo-zooskilo-kilos（2）加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesmangoes, Negro-Negroeshero-heroes歌诀记忆：黑人（Negro）和英雄（hero）爱吃芒果、西红柿（tomato）和马铃薯（potato）。除了这五个以o结尾的名词加es外，其余的以o结尾的名词加s。3.表示“国家”的名词变复数Chinese-ChineseJapanese-JapaneseEnglishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen Russian-Russians Indian-Indians Canadian-CanadiansAmerican-Americans歌诀记忆：中（Chinese）日（Japanese）不变，英（Englishman）法（Frenchman）变，其余s加后面。4.以复数形式出现的名词goods货物trousers/pants /jeans /shorts裤子clothes衣服 glasses眼镜5.以s结尾，仍为单数的名词（1）maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。（2）news是不可数名词。（3）the United States，the United Nations应视为单数。6.由man和woman构成的合成名词，两个构成部分都要变成复数如：man worker-men workers（男工人）woman doctor-women doctors（女医生）7.以辅音字母y结尾的名词，变y为i再加es。例如：baby-babies, city-cities, story-stories, party-parties, lady-ladies, diary-diaries, century-centuriescopy-copies country, company, factory, family, memory, enemy, hobby, dictionary, university8.以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词加es，如：class-classesbus-buses, boss-bosses class, glass, dress, box-boxes, foxes,watch-watchesspeech-speeches, , beach-beacheschurch-churches, sandwiches, coaches, matches, inches, brush-brushes dishes, wishes, fishes9.其他不规则变化man-menwoman-womengoose-geesefoot-feettooth-teethchild-childrenfish-fishdeer-deersheep-sheepmouse-mice fisherman-fishermen, policeman, chairman, spaceman, postman, salesman, snowman歌诀记忆：男人（man）女人（woman）a变e，鹅（goose）足（foot）牙（tooth）？oo变ee。孩子（child）加上ren，鱼（fish）鹿（deer）绵羊（sheep）不用变。注 fish指鱼的种类时，要加上es构成其复数；当指鱼的条数时，单复数同形；指鱼肉时，为不可数名词。二、代词 （人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的构成）第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数人称代词主格Iweyouyouhe/she/itthey宾格meusyouyouhim/her/itthem物主代词形容词性myouryouryourhis/her/itstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshis/hers/itstheirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves三、数词 （基数词、序数词、分数、百分数）first second third fifth twelfth eighth ninth twentieth fortieth ninetieth twenty-first基变序， 有规律，末尾加上th；一二三特殊记，八减t, 九去e, ve 要用f 替；y结尾变ie, 后跟th 莫忘记；若想表示几十几，只变个位就可以。四、形容词和副词 （原级、比较级、最高级）(1)一般在词尾加er/est: greatgreatergreatest, youngyoungeryoungest, slowslowerslowest(2)以e结尾的词加r/st: nicenicernicest, largelargerlargest, huge, wise, wide, fine, late(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的词把y改i再加er/est:heavyheavierheaviest,easyeasiereasiest,busybusierbusiest, funnyfunnierfunniest, earlyearlierearliest, lucky, healthy, lazy, angry, happy, hungry(4)以一个读短音的元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，双写该辅音字母再加er/est:bigbiggerbiggest, thinthinnerthinnest, fatfatterfattest,fitfitterfittest, wetwetterwettest, hothotterhottest, mad, sad, glad(5)多音节词在其前加more/most:carefulmore carefulmost careful ，usefulmore usefulmost usefulpopularmore popularmost popular, slowlymore slowlymost slowlycarelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly, more politely-most politely(6)不规则变化的词goodwellbetterbest ; badillbadlyworseworstmanymuchmoremost; littlelessleastoldolderelderoldest（指年龄大小）eldest（指长幼顺序）farfartherfurtherfarthest（指距离）furthest（指程度）五、动词：（原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式、过去分词）1. 第三人称单数：(1)-s buys, stays, plays, enjoys, destroys, says, ties, lies, waits, shops, begins(2)-es brush, rush, push, fish, wish, wash, teach, watch, catch, match, search, dress, miss, discuss, fix, relax do , go(3)去y加ies carry, hurry, worry, try, cry, dry(v.), fly, reply, copy, study, tidy (v), 2. 现在分词：(1)-ing waiting, raining, happening, visiting, suffering, seeing(2)去e加 ing give, leave, have, lose, invite, close, admire, breathe, cause, prepare(3)双写辅音字母加ing sit, hit, cut, put, chat, get, forget, shut, set, let, fit begin, plan, win, run, spin; nod, swim, dig, jog, step, clap, rob, rub, kidnap, shop, drop prefer, travel, quarrel, control(4) ie-ying die, lie, tie dying, lying, tying3. 过去式/过去分词 （规则变化）(1)-ed enjoyed, destroyed, stayed, played, waited, rained, happened, visited, suffered(2)e-d advise, ache, practice, arrive, believe, receive, refuse, share, continue, breathe, notice, manage, celebrate, change, score, communicate, dance, decide, describe, force, divide, encourage, hate, hope, move, waste, exercise, imagine, increase, cause, compare, care, complete, introduce, produce, provide, prove, promise, invite, praise, prepare, (3)双写辅音字母加ed chat, fit, clap, stop, step, shop, drop, rub, rob, kidnap, jog, plan, nod, prefer, travel, quarrel, control(4)去y 加 ied study, carry, hurry, worry, dry, try, cry, copy, reply, tidy(v.)不规则动词的过去式和过去分词：A.三形相同(AAA型): cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, read, set, shut, spreadB.两形相同 1) 原形与过去分词相同: (ABA型) become-became-become, come-came-come, run-ran-run 2) 原形与过去式相同 （AAB型） beat-beat-beaten 3) 过去式与过去分词相同: （ABB型）bring-brought, buy-bought, fight-fought, think-thought,catch-caught, teach-taughtbuild-built, lend-lent, send-sent, spend-spent;burn-burned/burnt, dream-dreamed/dreamt, learn-learned/learnt, smell-smelled/smelt, spell-spelled/speltpay-paid, say-said, lay-laid sell-sold, tell-toldkeep-kept, sleep-slept, sweep-swept, get-got, shine-shone, win-won, sit-sat, stick-stuck, dig-dug, hold-held, hang-hung, stand-stood, understand-understood, feel-felt, find-found,meet-met, feed-fed, bleed-bled, lead-led, shoot-shothave-had, leave-left, lose-lost, make-made, hear-heard, deal-dealt, mean-meantC.三形不同(ABC型)begin-began-begun, drink-drank-drunk, sing-sang-sung, ring-rang-rung，swim-swam-swum , drive-drove-driven, rise-rose-risen, give-gave-given, forgive-forgave-forgiven; ride-rode-ridden, write-wrote-written,forget-forgot-forgotten,hide-hid-hidden,bite-bit-bittenblow-blew-blown, grow-grew-grown, know-knew-known, throw-threw-thrown, show-showed-shown, fly-flew-flown, draw-drew-drawn, break-broke-broken, speak-spoke-spoken, steal-stole-stolen,choose-chose-chosen, freeze-froze-frozen, wake-woke-woken,take-took-taken, shake-shook-shaken, mistake-mistook-mistaken, tear-tore-torn, wear-wore-wornsee-saw-seen, go-went-gone, fall-fell-fallen, eat-ate-eaten, do-did-done, be-was/were-beenlie-lay-lain , 六、构词法：1) v. n. -ment: treatment, movement, excitement, improvement, development, agreement, advertisement, achievement, punishment, encouragement-ion : invention, collection, direction, action, attraction, suggestion, discussion, connection, instruction, introduce-introduction去e加ion: educate, donate, celebrate, operate, communicate, graduate, congratulate, create,去e加ation: prepare, invite, organize, imagine, examinede sion decide-decision conclude-conclusion(结论)-ing: training, meaning, acting, building, meeting, greeting, feeling, shaking, warning-or director, actor, visitor, inventor,-er player, reader, leader, owner, worker, teacher, speaker, waiter, supporter, farmer, reporter driver, dancer, writer, producer, manager winner, runner, swimmer, robber, kidnapper, shopper, traveller-ress waitress, actressn. -ist science- scientist, artist, touristn.-er/r prisoner, villager,2) adj. n.-ness illness, sickness, kindness, sadness (un)happiness, business, ugliness-y/ty difficulty, safety; able=ability-er/r foreigner, strangert ce different, silent, important, patient, confident-th long-length. strong-strength, warmth, true-truth wide-width, deep-depth3) n. adj.-ous dangerous, humorous, poisonous-ern eastern, western, southern, northern-able suitable, comfortable, fashionable, enjoyable , value-valuable,-al national, international, educational, traditional, musical, personal natural, cultural, practical-y lucky, healthy, sleepy, sporty, dirty, rainy, snowy, cloudy, windy, funny, sunny, foggy noise-noisy, taste-tasty, shine-shiny-ly lovely, lively, friendly, lonely, daily, weekly-ful careful, useful, harmful, helpful, hopeful, meaningful, successful-less careless, useless, harmless, meaningless, endless, homeless-n American, Australian, Indian, Russian, Asian, African, European, Canada-Canadian,-en wool(l)en, wooden, golden4) v. adj.-ed surprised, amazed, bored, excited, tired, inte