中考常考的语法知识点+new.doc

中考常考的语法知识点（非常重要）：一冠词1. an umbrella, an uncle, an unpleasant trip, an unusual boy, an ugly girl, an MP3，an I phone 5s2. a uniform, a university, a unit, a UFO, a useful book, a European country, an Asian country3. an hour, an honest boy(h不发音)4. an “a”( e, f, h, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, x) , a “b”( c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z)5. (无冠词)Childrens Day, May Day, the Spring Festival 6. 序数词和最高级前要用the: the first lesson, the third class, the most exerciting movie7. 独一无二的事物和江湖海前用the: the moon,the earth,the sun,the Changjing River8. a one-year-old baby, an eight-year-old boy, an eleven-year-old girl9. I lost the book I bought last week. Is it a black one?10. Do you know the boy next to Mary / the man in white? 11.序数词和最高级前如有名词所有格或物主代词不加the : Li Lei is my first Chinese friend and he is also my best friend.二名词1. 名词单复数: (单复数同形)many sheep, a few deer, several Japanese, three Chinese, nine fish（不规则变化）a few geese, two mice, some children, ten feet, five teeth radios, photos, pianos, zoos; potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, Negroes2. 名词所有格: Tom and Marys father, Toms and Marys fathersthe key to the door, the answer to the question, the ticket to the concert, the way to the bankTeachers Day, Mothers Day, Womens Day ten minutes walk=a ten-minute walk, a five-day holiday=five days holiday, have five days off3. 不可数名词: weather、news、information、advice、music、fun、room(空间)、work(不可数名词前不可加a,an,感叹句中也不能有a,an) (可数: a message, a newspaper) There is an orange(橙子) on the table. two bottles of orange(橙汁) an orange(橙色) dress4. 名词作定语: shoe shops, clothes shops,girl students, women doctors, men nurses, sports shoes5. three Englishmen/ Frenchmen, a few Germans, many Americans6. a piece of bread a box of oranges a pair of shoesfour pieces of bread two boxes of oranges five pairs of shoes7.名词可数和不可数时意思不一样：chicken(鸡肉；小鸡) life(生活；生命lives), orange(橙汁；橙子)8. (本身是复数)two people, police, (总是用复数)many clothes, a pair of trousers, vegetables 三数词: 1. thousands of, three thousand, hundreds of, four hundred, millions of, six million 2. (分数表达：分子基数词，分母序数词，分子大于一，分母复数) one fifth五分之一, two thirds三分之二, three quarters四分之三 3.特殊的序数词: first, second, third, twelfth, twentieth, nine-nineteen-ninety-ninth, four-fourth-fourteen -forty-fortieth4.时间表达: 6:45 six forty-five, a quarter to seven 6:15 six fifteen, a quarter past 65. in the 1860s/ 1860s (19世纪60年代), in her forties(在她四十多岁时)6.序数词要与the连用：the first one,如前面有名词所有格或物主代词就不用the：his eighth birthday7. Bus No. 112； the second lesson, Lesson Two; Room 308, the twenty-first century8. another two boys=two more boys再多要两个男孩9. at the age of twelve / fifteen(基数词) 10. two hours and a half = two and a half hours， one hour and a half=one and a half hours11.a + 序数词：再一；又一个 a second chance= another chance 再一次机会四代词1. 人称代词: 主格：I you he she we you they me you him her us you them 句首做主语要用主格， 动词和介词后做宾语要用宾格。She teaches me English. 物主代词：形容词性物主代词：my your his her our your their 名词性物主代词： mine yours his hers ours yours theirs 形容词性物主代词后面接名词，名词性物主代词后面不加名词。 反身代词：I-myself, you-yourself/yourselves, he-himself, she-herself,we-ourselves, they-themselves2. his, hers, mine: His watch is new. It isnt his. a friend of mine/ hers/ Li Mings The book belongs to him. = The book is his.3. 疑问代词: how soon-in; how often-seldom, twice a month, every day, every four yearshow long-(for) a month / since 1998 how far-ten kilometers（away from）, ten minutes walk / drive, five minutes on foot4. what to do; how to do it5. what没范围, which有范围My fathers birthday is coming. I dont know what to buy for him.There are many kinds of cameras here. I dont know which to buy.6. all/both/none/neither/any/either的区别:all表三个或三个以上的全部都， none表三个或三个以上全部都不both表两个都，neither表两个都不either表两者之一，either/each/neither+单数名词， all/both+复数名词Both of the twins are teachers, but neither of them likes teaching.All of the doctors have to learn French, but none of them likes it.There are many tall trees on the both sides/ either side/ each side of the road / river. other, the other, others, the others, another: other+名词复数，someothers, (two)onethe other， another+名词单数 This shirt is too small, could you give me a another one. The shoes are nice, I want to buy another pair.（复数用pair,单数用one）7. The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Dongguan.The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.The students in Dongguan is better than those / the ones in Beijing.8. We found/ thought it (was) interesting to learn English. 9. 肯定：a little money a few sheep 否定：little water few students10. There are some people in the room. There arent any students in the classroom.Would you like some bread? 10. Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.(范围内，除去自己本身) Shanghai is larger than any city in Japan.（范围外）11. something special nothing serious anything/what else 12. 指示代词的形式：this(单数)-these(复数), that(单数)-those(复数)打电话时，常用“that“询问对方是“谁”，用“this”介绍自己13.enjoy oneself， dress oneself， all by oneself， look after oneself， learn sth by oneself = teach oneself sth， come to oneself(苏醒，恢复知觉)， help oneself to(请随便吃)， say to oneself(自言自语)五介词1. be friendly to, make friends with sb, be strict with sb., be full of, be filled with2. in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening at night on a cold morning on a hot afternoon on the evening of June 22 on the night of May 1st 3. It looks nice on you.这东西在你身上很好看。 a woman with glasses, 4. Its clever/nice/kind/stupid/wrong of you to say so. （人）Its necessary/important for us to remember more words.（物）5. Japan is to the east of China.(不接壤) Taiwan is in the southeast of China.(在范围内) Guangxi is on the west of Guangdong.(相邻，接壤)6. walk across the bridge/street = cross the bridge/street; swim across the river, sail across the Pacificgo through the traffic lights/ forest/ jungle/ city/ park / village/windowgo past the bank = pass the bank 7. All the students went to the park except John, because he was ill.（不包含在内）I need 2 more students besides John to do the work. （包含在内）8. in two weeks ( 跟将来时连用，How soon提问) after two weeks=two weeks later(跟过去式连用9. by car = in ones car/taxi by bus / bike = on the bus / bike 六 形容词和副词 比较级标志词：than,much, far/ still/ even/ a lot/a little) 最高级标志词：of/among all， in our school, the most+原级，the +最高级（副词可不要the）1. An elephant is (very, quite, so, too) big(原级).2. A friend of mine is as heavy(原级) as me. He is not so/ as tall(原级) as her.3. much+比较级, more+原级: He is much fatter that her. He is much more confident than her.4. 一些特殊的句型：1） Jim is the taller of the two (boys).2） Our school is much (far/ still/ even/ a lot/a little) (比较级) more beautiful than yours.3） The earlier, the better.4） When summer comes, the weather gets hotter and hotter.5） If you do sports every day, you will become healthier and healthier.6） Today English is becoming more and more important.7） He is 2 kilos heavier than I am.8） Paris is one of the liveliest cities in the world.10) .The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.(序数词+最高级)11)Tom is the taller of the two(boys).= Tom is taller than the other boy 12) Marry is more outgoing than any other girl in her class.= Marry is the most outging girl in her class.5. He is careful(形容词) enough. He does everything carefully(副词).6.the+形容词：表示一类人，谓语复数 the poor, the old, the rich, the dead, the young: The young are always energetic.7. We are surprised to hear the surprising news. 8.易误认为副词的形容词：lovely,friendly,lively 七情态动词: 1.情态动词（must,should,can）+动词原形 He should stop smoking.2.表猜测：一定must 可能may 不可能cant3.特殊回答：Must I hand in my homework now?Yes, you must./ No, you neednt/ dont have to.-May I smoke here? - Yes, you can/may. / No, you cant/mustnt. I am not sure. It may/might/could belong to her. must:交通规矩，规章制度； 表肯定猜测“一定”，mustnt不表推测，意思是“禁止，不能”cant: 表猜测“不可能”：The lady over there cant be our teacher. She has gone to Shanghai.4. need 的用法：做情态动词：neednt do sth 做实义动词：need to do sth. Do/Does/Did sb. Need to do sth? dont/ doesnt/ didnt need to do sth.八连词： 1. although/ though 不能与but 连用 （转折关系）2. because 不能与 so 连用 （因果关系） 3. Get up at once, or you will be late for class.(or否则)4. 主将从现: (若主句用一般将来时时，从句则用一般现在时来表将来)。 主句（将来）+ if / unless/ as soon as/ until/ when/ before/ after+ 句子（现在）We will go on a picnic if it doesnt rain. = We will go on a picnic unless it rains.I wont leave until my mother comes back.I will tell him as soon as I see him.5. so+形容词/副词+that从句 such+(a/an) +形容词+名词+that从句He is so clever that he can work out this problem. = He is such a clever boy that he can work out the problem.（such a fine day= so fine a day）6. I like dancing while然而 my sister likes doing sports.（前后形成对比）9. You should do as按照 the teacher told you.九被动语态 结构：am/is/are+done,was/were+done,will be/is going to be+done, should/must/can+be done 有时候句子中的by sb. 的标志词1. Someone told me about this. - I was told about this.2. 在主语中带介词的，变被动时介词不能省：We should speak to the old politely. - The old should be spoken to politely.3. Someone took her to the hospital in time. - She was taken to the hospital in time.4. be made/heard/seen/watched to do（被动还原to） 5. This kind of books sells well and they will be sold out soon. 6. 没有被动：happen, take place, come out，come true, belong to, 系动词（feel, taste, look, sound, smell，keep,stay,become，seem）十. 现在完成时1. 强调对现在造成的影响 ( already, ever, never, before, just, yet )He has just arrived. ( He is here now. )2. 强调一直在做的动作 （how long, for, since, so far, in the past/last few years, over the years）buy have had borrow have kept die - have been dead open have been open close have been closed begin has been on finish have been over come - have been in leave have been away from join- have been in/ have been a member of I borrowed the book last week. - I have kept the book since last week.His grandfather died two years ago. - His grandfather has been dead for two years.The movie began five minutes ago. - The movie has been on for five minutes.3. have / has been to 曾经去过某地（已返回）有时跟次数连用have / has gone to 去了某地（还没回）常会说将来某个时间会回来have / has been in + 一段时间 去或来到（一直呆在那儿）It is + 一段时间 + since + 句子（一般过去时） Its a year since I worked here. 4.注意：when不能跟现在完成时连用。since ago时用现在完成时，ago用过去时十一. 感叹句 What：形容词+名词 how:形容词/副词+ + 名词1. What an exciting football game we watched!=How exciting the football game was!2. What expensive houses they are!=How expensive the houses are! 3. (不可数名词，没有冠词) What beautiful music! = How beautiful the music is! What important information! What good weather / advice / news it is! What hard work it is! 4. How funny the story is! How carefully he works!十二. 非谓语动词1. tell/ask sb. (not) to do, want/decide/try/need/prefer/sued to do 2. (often, usually ,sometimes)see/watch/hear sb do, see/watch/hear sb doing3. make sb. (not)do； let sb. do4. have sth. done: My computer is broken. I want to have it repaired.5. youd better do /not do: Youd better not laugh at others.6. why not do sth.? = why dont you do ?7. Would/ Could you please (not) do sth?8. practice/enjoy/keep/consider/finish/mind/spend /feel like+ doing 9. look forward to/ pay attention to/ get used to / prefer to + doing 10. stop/keep/prevent sb from doing (阻止某人去做某事) pretend to do 假装做某事11. be busy doing, cant help/stop doing (忍不住做某事)12. while / before/ after + doing 13. 介词 + doing 14. would like sb to do sth十三. 定语从句先行词关系代词或副词人who(主宾)，whom(宾)，whose（“谁的”）， that物which, that 只用that：all, anything, everything, somethingthe first, the ninth, the best, the most expensivethe only, the verythe person and the thing地点作状语Where=at/in which时间作状语When=in/on/at which原因(the reason) why=for which1.This is the place where he was born. 2. I cant forget the days when we studied together.3.This is the place that/ which he visited. 4. I cant forget the days that/ which we spent together.5. Do you know the reason why he was late? 6.The teacher is talking with the man whose son was late.十四. there be: There will be, there is going to be, There used to be , There is sb doing, isnt there? 十五. 宾语从句:1. 陈述句语序 I dont know what he did yesterday.2. 时态：主句是一般现在时，从句的时态根据具体的情况而定（任何时态）I dont know how I can get to the bank. She asks if he will come to her birthday party next Sunday. 主句是一般过去时，从句的时态必须是过去的某一种时态 I didnt know where he lived. He said his mother would go swimming with him this afternoon. 注意：从句表示客观真理时，从句用一般现在时 The little boy knew that the sun rises in the east. our teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun3. Could you tell me when she will arrive?( could是婉转语气，不是过去式)4. 连接词：that, if/whether(or not), what/how/which/why+to do 5. 语序不变的宾语从句 I dont know what happened to him./ who broke the window/ whats wrong with him.6. I dont know if he will come. If he comes, I will call you.I dont know when he will arrive. When he arrives, I will call you.7. 一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.在介词前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.十六. 反意疑问句 (前肯后否，前否后肯)，根据事实回答。1. Lets go boating, shall we? Let us go boating, will you?2. Pass me some salt, will you? Dont play in the street, will you? Sorry, I wont.3. The guests have to go, dont they? He has a car, doesnt he?They had lunch just now, didnt they? You have a cold, dont you?She has been there before, hasnt she? You have never seen the movie, have you?4. Hes read many books written by Luxun, hasnt he? Hes friendly, isnt he?5. He didnt come to school yesterday, did he? -Yes, he did, though he was badly ill.（去了） - No, he didnt, because he was ill in hospital.（没去）与事实相符就yes,不符就no,陈述部分yes,no的意思与中文相反6. 否定词：seldom, hardly, few, little, never, nothing, nobody, no, not, none 7. 当主句是：I think/I believe/I dont think 时，要以从句为主I dont think he is able to answer this question, is he?十七. 连系动词1. be动词 ，五个感官动词（feel, taste, look, sound, smell），三个变（become, get, turn）两个保持（keep，stay），seem 2. 系动词+ 形容词 The students look careful. They are looking at the pictures carefully.3.没有被动：The food tastes bad. 4. 一般不用进行时 The music sounds good.5. The students look careful(look感官动词：看起来). They are looking at the pictures carefully.(look行为动词，表示“看”这个动作)（listen carefully）十八. 主谓一致：1. 就近原则：neither nor; not only but also; either or ; there beNeither he nor I have been to the USA. Either she or I am going to study abroad.Not only his parents but also his sister is an engineer.There are some people and a dog on the beach. There is a dog and some people on the beach.There are a number of sheep on the farm. There is a little sheep on the farm.一只小羊2. 就远原则: with/ together with/ besides/ except/but(除之外)/ as well as和/ including包括 The teacher together with his students does sports every day. Jack as well as his parents has been to China before.3.金钱、距离、时间表单数：100 dollars/ Ten kilometers / Ten hours is not enough. 4. a number of = many + V复 A number of students are playing.The number of + V单 The number of the students in our class is 58.5. 不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数 Everything goes well. Someone is looking for you.6. Two thirds of work was finished by him. Two thirds of students are from Dongguan.7. 动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数：Eating more vegetables is good for our health. 8. This pair of shoes is cheap. I want to try them on. 9. one of + adj.最高级+ n复+V单 One of the tallest boys in our class is Jim.10. people, police 等集体名词作主语，谓语用复数；family,class,group,team等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语用单数，若指具体成员时，谓语用复数。11. 以-s结尾的名词本身没有表示复数意义，谓语用单数，如：news, maths,physics等No news is good news 没有消息就是最好的消息。 Maths is very popular in our class.12. The+姓氏复数表示一家人时，谓语用复数 Look, the Greens are watching TV.十九. 交际用语1. Would you mind my sitting beside you? 不介意：No, of course not. / Certainly not / Not at all.介意：Sorry, but /youd better not.2. 回答sorry：Never mind. / it doesnt matter./ Not at all./Thats all right.3. 回答thank you：Its my pleasure. /Youre welcome./ Thats all right.4. Thats right. 那是对的。 All right. 好吧。 Youre right. 你是对的。Thats all right. 别人表歉意或谢意时可以用，意为没关系或不用谢5. Have a nice weekend! - The same to you! Have a nice trip. - Thank you.6. What about going to the movie tonight? - Good idea. / All right./ That sounds great.7. I got first prize in the English competition. - Congratulations!祝贺8.-Can you finish this work today? -Im afraid not9. His mother is ill. Im sorry to hear that10.Could you please carry the box for me? - With pleasure/ Sure. - Would you like a cup of tea? - Yes, please./ No, thanks - Would you like to go to the movie with me tonight? - Id like/ love to / Id love to, but I / Sorry, but I have to 11. -Dont smoke here. Sorry, I wont do it again.12. Please take my best wishes to your parents - Thank you, I will.13.当听到不好的消息，一般用Im sorry to hear that.14. I am going to take a final exam. I feel so nervous. Take it easy.15.I am going to take part in the speech contest this weekend. Good luck to you.16. Im afraid so/ not. I hope so/not二十. 辨别：1. be made of /be made from /be made by sb. /be made in +地点be made of 由制成(可看出原材料) The coat is made of silk. The desk is made of wood. be made from 由制成(不能看出原材料)Paper is made fr