2008年4月1日统考大学英语B视频辅导讲义.doc

2008年4月1日统考大学英语B考前辅导网考委文件通知：考试方式大学语文（A、B）和高等数学（A、B）实行笔试闭卷考试，笔试每场120分钟。计算机应用基础和大学英语（A、B、C）实行机考闭卷考试，机考每场90分钟。考试时间2008年统考计划安排机考四次、笔试两次，考试时间安排在4月、6月、9月和12月。具体考试日期及安排如下：考次日 期时 间考试科目考试方式第一次考试4月12日9:00 - 11:00大学语文（A）（B）高等数学（A）（B）笔试闭卷4月12-13日8:00 - 9:3010:00 - 11:3012:30 - 14:0014:30 - 16:0016:30 - 18:00计算机应用基础大学英语（A）（B）（C）机考闭卷西部部分地区考试开始时间延后一小时第二次考试6月21-22日8:00 - 9:3010:00 - 11:3012:30 - 14:0014:30 - 16:0016:30 - 18:00计算机应用基础大学英语（A）（B）（C）机考闭卷西部部分地区考试开始时间延后一小时第三次考试9月20日9:00 - 11:00大学语文（A）（B）高等数学（A）（B）笔试闭卷9月20-21日8:00 - 9:3010:00 - 11:3012:30 - 14:0014:30 - 16:0016:30 - 18:00计算机应用基础大学英语（A）（B）（C）机考闭卷西部部分地区考试开始时间延后一小时第四次考试12月13-14日8:00 - 9:3010:00 - 11:3012:30 - 14:0014:30 - 16:0016:30 - 18:00计算机应用基础大学英语（A）（B）（C）机考闭卷西部部分地区考试开始时间延后一小时考试内容与要求语法考生应掌握基本的英语语法知识，并能在语言活动中较正确地加以运用。词汇考生应认知3000个单词，并熟练掌握其中的1800个单词及其基本的搭配。交际能力考生应掌握日常生活常见情景中的基本交际用语。阅读考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会活动相关的不同类型的文字材料，阅读速度为每分钟50个单词。考生应能： 1理解主旨要义； 2理解文中具体信息； 3根据上下文推测生词词义； 4进行有关的判断、推理和引申，理解作者的意图、观点或态度。翻译考生应能在20分钟内将5个难度适中的英文句子翻译成中文。考生应能： 1对英语原文有准确的理解； 2做到译文通顺、达意。写作考生应能在30分钟内写出长度不少于80词的常见应用文及一般的叙述文、说明文或议论文。考生应能： 1用较正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点进行表达； 2基本做到内容切题，结构严谨，条理清楚； 3根据不同的写作目的进行有针对性的写作。试卷结构与题型部分项目内容题型考点题量分数总分时间(分钟)I交际用语10个简短对话多项选择口常情景交际能力10101010阅读理解3篇短文，包括应用文、描述文、记叙文、说明文或议论文等多项选择理解主旨要义、具体信息，根据上下文推测词义等能力15303030词汇与结构20个单句多项选择词汇与语法知识运用20202020完型填空1篇短文多项选择词汇、句法和篇章知识运用10101010V英译汉5个单句笔译短句翻译能力5151520写作1篇作文命题作文短文写作能力1151530总计100100120考试方式与时间考试为闭卷考试，满分为100分，时间为120分钟。大学英语将逐步实行机考，实行机考后，适当调整考试时间。大学英语(B)模拟试题 Test 1第一部分：交际用语(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分) 此部分共有10个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。示例A)BD1.How are you, Bob? _ Ted. A. How are you? B. Im fine. Thank you. C. How do you do? D. Nice to meet you.2.Thanks for your help. _ A. My pleasure. B. Never mind. C. Quite right. D. Dont thank me.3.Hello, Im Harry Potter. Hello, my name is Charles Green, but_. A. call my Charles B. call me at Charles C. call me Charles D. call Charles me4.Paul, _? Oh, thats my father! And beside him, my mother. A. what is the person over there B. whos talking over there C. what are they doing D. which is that5.Hi, Tom, hows everything with you? _, and how are you? A. Dont mention it B. Hm, not too bad C. Thanks D. Pretty fast第二部分：阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 此部分共有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5个问题。请从每个问题后的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。示例ABDPassage 1The French Revolution broke out in 1789. At the time France was in a crisis. The government was badly run and peoples lives were miserable. King Louis XIV tried to control the national parliament and raise more taxes. But his effort failed. He ordered his troops to Versailles. The people thought that Louis intended to put down the Revolution by force. On July 14, 1789, they stormed and took the Bastille, where political prisoners were kept. Ever since that day, July 14 has been the French National Day. Louis tried to flee the country in 1792 to get support from Austria and Prussia. However, he was caught and put in prison. In September 1792, the monarchy was abolished. In the same year, Louis was executed. A few months later his wife, Marie also had her head cut off. The Revolution of France had frightened the other kings of Europe. Armies from Austria and Prussia began to march against France. The French raised republican armies to defend the nation. The Revolution went through a period of terror. Thousands of people lost their lives. In the end, power passed to Napoleon Bonaparte. (190 words)11. Whats this passage about? A. France. B. King Louis. C. The French Revolution. D. Europe.12. Which did not happen in 1789? A. The French Revolution broke out. B. The national economy was developing rapidly. C. The government wasnt well run. D. King Louis XIV was in power.13. Where were the political prisoners kept? A. In Versailles. B. In Austria. C. In Prussia. D. In Bastille.14. What does the underlined word “abolished” mean? A. Put off. B. Established. C. United. D. Ended.15. What was NOT the effect of the Revolution? A. July 14 has become the French National Day. B. It brought some impact on the other European kings. C. Louiss wife, Marie was killed. D. The king tried to control the national parliament.第三部分：词汇与结构(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分) 此部分共有20个未完成的句子，针对每个句子中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。示例ABD26. Professor Smith promised to look _ my paper, that is, to read it carefully before the defence. A. after B. over C. on D. into27. Our house is about a mile from the railway station and there are not many houses_. A. in between B. far apart C. among them D. from each other28. As the bus came round the corner, it ran _ a big tree by the roadside. A. into B. on C. over D. up29. On average, a successful lawyer has to talk to several _ a day. A. customers B. supporters C. guests D. clients30. What is the train _ to Birmingham? A. fee B. tip C. fare D. cost第四部分：完型填空(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分) 以下短文中共包含10个未完成的句子，针对每个句子中空缺部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。示例ABD There were once three sons of a wealthy businessman. 46 they met, the two eldest, who were twins, 47 to quarrel about which of them should be his fathers heir(继承人).The youngest, who was not 48 ambitious (野心勃勃的), took no part in their argument. As soon as they left home, the father arranged for an adequate income to be provided for 49 of them, but insisted that apart from this they were to be financially self-supporting. The 50 twin, who had the advantage of good looks and a striking personality, decided that he would take up the stage 51 a career. He 52 a small repertory company, acted in minor parts, was always unpunctual (不准时) at rehearsals and was accordingly 53 with his fellow-actors. He earned little and so had to live mainly on his allowance. He occasionally thought of 54 his profession, but always put off 55 a decision, and he became increasingly bored and disillusioned.46. A. whatever B. whenever C. wherever D. however47. A. are used B. used C. using D. are using48. A. at least B. at most C. in the least D. in the most49. A. every B. all C. each D. none50. A. first B. older C. younger D. elder51. A. is B. as C. be D. /52. A. joined B. attended C. went D. joined in53. A. popular B. unpopular C. welcome D. unwelcome54. A. living B. turning C. ending D. changing55. A. making B. make C. decide D. deciding第五部分：英译汉（满分15分）请在20分钟内把下列5句英文翻译成中文，把答案写在答题纸上。56. Wang Lis father has taught English here since he graduated from Peking University.57. Please give this book to whoever comes first.58. Though it was late, they kept on working.59. Bill hit his car into a wall last night.60. Would you please help me with this heavy box?Key: 56王丽的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。57请把这本书给最先来的人。58尽管已经很晚了，他们还在继续工作。59昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。60你能帮我抬一下这个很沉的箱子吗?第六部分：写作（满分15分）要求在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目和中文提纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。Sports1 你喜欢什么运动。2 你如何喜欢上这种运动。3 运动对你有什么益处（工作、学习和生活）。Reference Sports Just as lots of teenagers take to pop music, I love basketball. Its part of my life. I began to play basketball in my childhood. I still remember the good old days when I played with my classmates after school. Later on, as I grew up, almost everything changed, but this sport-playing basketball remained and my love of it grew even stronger.I love this sport because it brings joys and health to my life. When I got tired from office work, I went to the sports ground and felt refreshed. If there were worries and cares from daily life, I went to the sports ground. There everything went away except basketball. It is basketball that keeps me in good shape and mood.第五部分：英译汉（满分15分）请在20分钟内把下列5句英文翻译成中文，把答案写在答题纸上。英译汉 英汉翻译一般需经过三个阶段：理解阶段、表达阶段和校对阶段。理解是表达的前提，没有正确的理解就谈不上确切的表达；而在表达时候，可以进一步加深了对文字的理解；校对则是为了保证译文能准确无误地表达出对原文的理解。三个阶段互为补充，任何一个阶段都不可忽视。 在做翻译题时，考生应该首先读懂句子，把握主要意思之后，再进行翻译。可通过语法关系和词与词之间的语义关系等对英文原句进行透彻理解。第一步是理解词汇的含义、句子结构及惯用法等。在正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系的基础上，确定原文所涉及的内容。翻译的素材通常属一般性题材的内容，在考生的阅历或知识范围之内。理解的第三个层次是译者运用推理机制，对语言现象本身和语言外所隐含的信息加以综合归纳，找出它们之间内在联系，选择其中最具相关性的解释，也就是摆脱语言表层结构的束缚，透过表面，深入其深层意义。 在理解之后，需要用汉语表达。在表达的过程中，考生应努力用最清晰、明了的语言表达原作者所说的内容。在表达时有一些具体的方法和技巧问题需要解决，我们将在以下几节中做一概括性的论述。表达方式在总体上来看可以分为两大类：直译和意译。一般来说，在语言条件许可的情况下，应尽可能用直译，使译文既能保持原文的内容，又能保持原文的形式及风格。 翻译的最后一步是核对。核对是为了保证译文完全符合原文所陈述的内容。在检查译文时，译者必须借助原文才能确认自己最初解释的准确性。另外，核对也包括润饰文字。41 翻译的基本技巧 在本节中，我们将谈到翻译中的一些基本方法，主要是五种：省略法、增词法、转译法、重复法和分译法。411 省略法由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式、修辞手段等方面的不同，在翻译过程中为了使译文更加精练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，有时需要省略部分词语。所省略部分应是一些可有可无的或翻译后反嫌累赘的词。但在省略时，千万不要将原文中的某些主要内容或难于翻译的内容删去。（省略语助词it, there; 省略英语冠词）How is it with the sick man?There is no telling when he will come. A parrot can talk like a man.鹦鹉会像人一样说话。 412 增词法增词法是指英译汉时按意义、修辞和句法上的需要在译文中加入一些原文虽无其而有其意的词，使译文更加通顺地表达出原文的思想内容以及符合汉语的表达习惯。Footsteps announced his return. 听见脚步声，知道他回来了。（补充动词解释名词的意思）Divorce is increasing in our country now. 现在我国离婚率越来越高。Flowers bloom all over the yard .朵朵鲜花满院盛开。（增加表示名词复数的词）He sank down with his face in his hands .他两手蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下去。（增加副词）413 转译法在英译汉中，有些句子由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能采用逐字逐句对译的方法，要对原文中的某些词语进行词性转换，才能使译文通顺。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。请见下面的例句。 She doesnt want his praise.她不要他赞美。（名动） Are you for or against the plan? 你是赞成还是反对这个计划? (介动) The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状象一个大球。（动名） 4. 1. 4 重复法 重复是英、汉两种语言中不可缺少的表达手法。有时为了加强语气，有时为使句子平衡对称或为求得其他修辞效果，往往要在一个句子或相连的句群中重复使用同一个词语或同一个结构。请见下面的例句： A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的全局（重复谓语部分） Each country has its own customs各国有各国的风俗。（重复主语部分）We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。（重复几个动词共有的宾语）415 分译法 由于英汉两种语言的语法结构和表达习惯等方面存在较大的差异，因此在翻译时既要忠实于原文意思，又要保留原文结构，这样往往会有一定的困难。在二者不可兼得时，有时需要改变原文结构，保留原文意思。为达到这一目的，常用的方法之一是分译法，即把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离开来，译成另一种成分。例如： We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief 我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念，但没有成功。 处理分译的原则一般是，把原文中较长的句子成分，或者不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理，一般译成短句或独立结构。分译得当可以使译文在意思上忠实原文，结构上层次分明，语言上简练明确。从分译成分的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种情况。 1单词的分译 即把原文中的一个单词译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。例如下面各句中的划线词就被译为独立成分、从句或并列分句。 Your sister-in-law is a nice pretty woman? 你的嫂子很漂亮，为人也好，是不是？ 2短语的分译 即把原文中的一个短语译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。例如下面各句中的划线部分就被译为独立成分、从句或并列分句。 The professor entered the laboratory followed by his students 教授走进实验室，后面跟着他的学生。 3英语从句的分译 英汉两种语言都有长句，但其构成长句的方式却大不相同。英语的长句主要由主从复合句构成，结构严紧、明确，只要理解了其主从关系，就能正确地分译。而汉语的长句往往结构松散，层次不明确。因此英汉互译中，处理长句的方法也不一样。 英语从句的分译主要是把原文中的主从复合句分译为并列复合句或者两个或两个以上的独立句子。也可以保留主从复合句的结构，但把一种从句翻译成另一种从句，如把定语从句译为状语从句。英语从句分译中最多的是定语从句。英语的定语从句翻译成汉语时，在可能的情况下，一般译为“的”：比如“She is the girl who speaks English best in our class”(这就是我们班英语讲得最好的那个女孩)。然而在很多情况下，生硬地译为“的”会使句子不通顺，这样就可以把定语从句拆出来，译为并列分句、状语从句，甚至一个单独的句子。例如： He told me of his experiences such as l had never heard before 他给我讲了他的经历，那些经历我以前从未听说过。 此句若译为“他给我讲了我以前从未听说过的他的经历”，则显得很别扭，若去掉译文中的“他的”二字，即“他给我讲了我以前从未听说过的经历”，则意思含糊，译文没有说明是谁的经历。 The university has enrolled 40 students from the poverty-stricken areas whom they hope will make contributions for their hometown大学从贫困地区招收了四十名学生，希望他们将来为家乡作贡献。 (译为并列分句) 当然，除了定语从句以外，其他种类的英语从句也可以根据需要进行分译。处理的方法可以灵活多样，主要是使译文符合汉语的习惯。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等都可以分译。例如： That you have had words with the manager is no reason to damage the property of the company(主语从句) 你和经理吵了架，但这并不能成为损坏公司财产的理由。 Im sorry that youre ill again你又病了，我很难过。(宾语从句) Our final decision is that MrWang go to the headquarters to give a detailed report 我们最后做出决定，派王先生到总部去作详细的汇报。(表语从句) You can borrow my car as long as you promise to drive carefully. 你可以借用我的车，不过你得答应我开车时小心点儿。 (状语从句) We will adopt his suggestion that the leading body be reorganized as soon as possible.我们将采纳他的建议，尽快改组领导班子。(同位语从句)42 从句的翻译421 主语从句翻译 以what，who，wherever，whatever等代词引导的主语从句，可将从句译成“的字结构”，或译成主谓宾结构做句子的主语，其余部分仍按原文顺序译出。如： What we learn form the books is very much helpful to our practice. 我们从书本上学到的对我们的实践很有帮助。 以it作形式主语，翻译时如要强调，it可以译出来；如不需强调，it也可不译出来。主语从句不提前时，it一般不需译出。如： It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible 重要的是尽快把科学技术搞上去。(主语从句不提前，it不译出) 422 宾语从句翻译 1按照词序译：用that，what，how等引导的宾语从句一般按照原文顺序翻译。如： It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。 2倒译：介词except，besides和but引导的宾语从句按中文习惯一般倒译在主句之前。如： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. 要不是他那时没有钱，他会帮助我们的。 3转译：介词宾语从句有时可根据其逻辑含义转译成原因状语从句或并列从句。如： Liquids are different form solids in that liquids have no definite shape. 液体与固体不同，因为液体没有一定的形状。423 表语从句翻译 1顺译 My problem is that I dont have much time to do the work. 我的问题在于我没有多少时间干这工作。 2倒译Medicine is what we are badly in need of. 我们极其需要的是医药。 3同位语从句翻译 (1)顺译 As an obedient son, I had accepted my fathers decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我接受父亲的决定去当医生，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。(2)从句提前 The problem whether the quality of the products is up to requirement has not been settled. 产品质量是否合乎要求这个问题尚未解决。 (3)补译：加上一些词，如“即”，“以为”，或以冒号、破折号分开处理。 But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。424 定语从句翻译 1定语从句的合译 把比较简单的定语从句译成句中的一个成分，放在被修饰词之前，从而将英语复合句译成汉语单句。 Figures are guide which should help us make decision. 数据是应能帮助人们做出决策的指南。 把限定性定语从句和主句融合在一起译成一个单句。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indications of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有表示国籍的某种标志。 2定语从句的分译 分译时，根据定语从句的不同含义，可将其翻译成并列分句或状语从句，有时可翻译成独立的主句。 Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind. 任何人如果停止汲取新知识，就肯定会落后。425 状语从句翻译 状语从句的翻译就是要按照汉语习惯将英文译成中文。状语从句涉及的面很广，下面将分别予以讨论。 1时间状语从句的翻译 时间状语从句可以译在句首，也可用转换译法，译为并列句或条件状语从句，还可以进行主从句相互转换，详见下面的例句： Water contracts until its temperature reaches 4. 直到水温达到4时，水才停止收缩。 有些词或词组，如instantly，directly，the moment，the instant，as soon as，so(as)long as，no soonerthan，hardlywhen等引导的状语从句，可译为“一就”。如： Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain. 我们一到就下雨了。 The machine will start the moment the switch is on. 一按电钮，机器就开始运行。 有的从属连词，如as，while，when等引导的时间状语从句，在表达主句与从句的谓语动作同时进行时，可把主从复合句译为汉语的并列句。如： They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid. 他还未交赎金，他们就把他放了。 有些由when引导的时间状语从句，从形式上看是时间状语从句，而从逻辑上判断，则是条件状语从句，就应把它译为条件状语从句。如： Our whole physical universe, when reduced to the simplest terms, is made up of two things, energy and matter. 如果用最简单的话来说，我们的整个物质世界是由两样东西组成的，即能量和物质。 有些由before引导的状语从句可以译成主句，原来的主句则译成从句。如： A new principle must be tested in practice before one can be certain that it is valuable. 一条新的定理必须经过实践的检验后才能肯定是否有价值。 2地点状语从句的翻译 翻译地点状语从句，一般采用顺译法，有时也可以用逆译法，把位于句末的地点状语从句译在句首。如： You will find the movement of objects wherever you go. 无论你走到哪里，你都会发现物体的运动。(逆译) It is hoped that solar energy will find application wherever it becomes available. 可以期望，任何可以获得太阳能的地方太阳能都将得到广泛的利用。(逆译) 3原因状语从句的翻译 汉语中的因果关系位置比较固定，原因在前，结果在后。而英语则比较灵活。翻译时，可按照汉语习惯将原因译在结果的前面。一般说来，原因状语从句有下述三种译法： 第一种译法是把原因状语仍译成表原因的成分。如： The crops failed because the season was dry. 因为天气干旱，农作物歉收。 第二种译法是将句子译成偏正复句中的主句。如： Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his own opinion. 他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。 第三种译法是将句子译成不用关联词、因果关系内含的并列句。如： After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free. 反正关系不大的，二十四小时他们就要自由了。 4结果状语从句的翻译 由于英语和汉语都把表示“结果”的从句置于主句之后，因此，翻译这类从句时可采用顺译法。不过，汉译时，不要拘泥于连词的词义，如果每句都用“如此以致”、“太而”等词，势必会使译文呆板，所以常被省译。如： Electricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldnt develop without it. 电是一种非常重要的能量，没有它，现代化工业就不能发展。 5条件状语从句的翻译 鉴于汉语的表达习惯，在译英语条件状语从句时，常将其置于句首，根据句子的语义，可将条件状语从句译成表条件的分句，或表假设的分句，还可以译成补充说明情况的分句。如： If the negotiations between the rich nations and the poor nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged. 要是富国和穷国之间的谈判获得进展的话，就打算在12月份安排召开部长级会议。(译成表假设的分句) 6让步状语从句的翻译 英语的让步状语从句可译为汉语的让步分句或无条件的条件分句，并将其置于句首。 Try as I might, I still could not solve the complicated proble