电力系统的演化外文翻译

中文 2188 字 EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS The commercial use of electricity began in the late1870s when arc lamps were used for lighthouse illumination and street lighting. The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison-the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a dc system consisting of a steam-engine-driven dc generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5km in radios. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of dc systems, they were almost completely superseded by ac systems. By 1886, the limitations of dc systems were becoming increasingly apparent .They could deliver power only a short distance from the generators. To keep transmission power losers (RI2) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. The development of the transformation and ac transmission by L. Gaulard and J.D. Gibbs of Paris, France, led to ac electric power systems. George Westinghouse secured rights to these developments in the United States. In 1886, William Stanley, an associate of Westinghouse, developed and tested a commercially practical transformer and ac distribution system for 150 lamps at Great Barrington, Massachusetts. In 1889, the first ac transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikolas Tesla, the ac system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on ac motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day ac systems. In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on dc or ac. There were passionate arguments between Edison, who advocated dc, and Westinghouse, who favored ac. By the turn of the century, the ac system had won out over the dc system for the following reasons; Voltage levels can be easily transformed in ac systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. AC generators are much simpler than dc generators. AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than dc motors. The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893-a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. Around this time, ac was chosen at Niagara Falls because dc was not practical for transmitting power to Buffalo, about 30 km away. This decision ended the ac versus dc controversy and established victory for the ac system. In the early period of ac power transmission, frequency was not standardized. Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. This posed a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although many other countries use 50 Hz. The increasing need for transmitting larger amounts of power over longer distances created an incentive to use progressively higher voltage levels. The early ac systems used 12,44, and 60 kV(RMS line-to-line).This rose to 165 kV in 1922,220 kV in 1923,287 kV in 1935,330 kV in 1953,and 765 kV was introduced in the United States in 1969. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. The standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. With the development of mercury arc valves in the early 1950s, high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission systems became economical in special situations. The HVDC transmission is attractive for transmission of large blocks of power over long distances. The cross-over point beyond which dc transmission may become a competitive to ac transmission is around 500 kV for around 500 km for overhead lines and 50 km for underground or submarine cables. HDVC transmission also provides an asynchronous link between systems where ac interconnection would be impractical because of system stability considerations or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. The first modern commercial application of HVDC transmission occurred in 1954 when the Swedish mainland and the island of Gotland were interconnected by a 96 km submarine cable. With the advent of thyristor valve converters, HVDC transmission became even more attractive. The first application of an HVDC system using thyristor values was at Eel River in 1972-a back-to-back scheme providing an asynchronous tie between the power systems of Quebec and New Brunswick. With the cost and size of conversion equipment decreasing and its reliability increasing, there has been a steady increase in the use of HVDC transmission. Interconnection of neighboring utilities usually leads to improved security results from the mutual emergency assistance that the utilities can provide. Improved economy results from the need for less generating reserve capacity in each system. In addition, the interconnection permits the utilities to make economy transfers and thus take advantage of the most economical sources of power. These benefits have been recognized from the beginning and interconnections continue to grow. Almost all the utilities in the United States and Canada are now part of one interconnected system of enormous complexity. The design of such a system and its secure operation are indeed challenging problems. STRUCTURE OF THE POWER SYSTEM Electric power system varies in size and structural components. However, they all have the same basic characteristics: Are comprised of three-phase ac systems operating essentially at constant voltage. Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment. Industrial loads are invariably three-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system. Use synchronous machines for electricity. Prime movers convent the primary sources of energy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generators. Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels. Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices. It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems: 1. Transmission system 2. Subtransmission system 3. Distribution system The transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load canters in the system. It forms the backbone of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230kV and above).The generator voltage are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. These are stepped up to the transmission voltage levels, and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltage are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 kV to 138 kV).The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system. The subtransmission system transmits power in smaller quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations. Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the substransmission system. In some systems, there is no clear demarcation between substransmission and transmission circuits. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function. The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders are supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240V. 翻译： 电力系统的演化 商业用电始于 19 世纪 70 年代后期，弧灯用于灯塔照明和街道照明。 第一个完整的电力系统（由发电机、电缆、熔丝、电表和负荷组成）是由 Thomas Edison在纽约城的 Pearl Street Station 建成并与 1882 年 9 月投入运行，这是一个由蒸汽发动机驱动供 给 1.5 公里内 59 个用户组成的直流输电系统。负荷是包括白炽灯在内的 110V 供电的电缆系统。几年之内类似系统在运行在全世界大多数大城市中。随着 1884 年弗兰克电机的发展 ,电机负载计入电力系统系统。这是电力发展 为世界最大产业之一的开始。 尽管最初广泛使用直流系统，（但后来）几乎完全交流系统所取代。到 1886 年，直流系统的局限性日益突现，只能在很短的距离内从发电机向外送电。为了保持功率损耗和电压降落在可接受水平，需提高电压水平以保证远距离输电。发电机和用电设备不能承受较高电压电能，因此，方便转换电压成为一种必要。 由于 L.Gaulard 和法国巴黎的 J.D.Gibbs 开发了变压器和交流输电技术，由此产生了交流电力系统。 George Westinghouse 获得了这些新权利在美国应用的权利。在 1886 年，西屋的助手 William Stanley 开发和试验了商业实用的变压器和在 Great Brrington， Massachusetts 的由150个电灯组成的交流配电系统。在 1889年 ,第一个交流输电线路在北美 Oregon 的 Willamette Falls 和 Portland 之间投运。这是一个单相线传输电能为 4000 V 输送距离超过 21 公里的电力系统。 随着 Nikolas Tesla 多相系统的建立和发展，交流系统变得更加有吸引力。到 1888 年， Tesla持有关于交流电动机、发电机、变压器和输电系统的若干专利。 Westinghouse 购买了这些早期发明专利，这些发明奠定了当今交流电力系统的基础。 在 19 世纪 90 年代 ,关于电力工业应采用直流还是交流作为标准的相当大的争论。在主张直流的 Edison 和偏好交流的 Westinghouse 之间发生过激烈的辩论。到世纪末 ,交流系统战胜了直流系统 ,原因如下： 在交流系统中容易变压，因此可以灵活地使用不同电压等级的发电机，变压器和用电设备。 交流发电机比直流发电机简单得多。 交流电动机比直流发电机更简单，更便宜。 第一个三相 12 公里 2300V 输电线路在于 1893 年在北美 California 南部投运。在那个时候，因为直流不能实际传输电能到 30 公里外的 Buffalo，所以 Niagara Falls 选择了直流供电。这个决定结束了交流和直流争议 ,奠定了交流系统成功的基础。 在早期的交流输电中频率不统一。 使用许多不同平频率为： 25、 50、 60 、 125 和 133赫兹。这是互联的一个问题。北美最终采用 60HZ 为标准，尽管其他地区和国家采用 50HZ。 由于大量长距离输电的增长需要，创造 和激励了电压水平的逐渐提高。 早期的交流系统使用 12、 44 和 60kV（ RMS line-to-line）。电压等级在 1922 年上升到 165kV， 1923 年上升到287kV， 1953 年上升到 330kV， 1969 年美国引进了 765kV 的高压。 为了避免电压等级的无限增加，电力行业将电压等级标准化。这些高压类（ HV）的标准电压等级是： 115、 138、 161 和 230 kV，特高压（ EHV）有 345、 500 和 765kV 几个电压等级 。 随着 20 世纪 50 年代初汞弧阀发展，高电压直流传输系统变得经济。为此，高压直流输电在大面积、长距离方面很具有吸引力。在 500kV500