生理学复习题 名词解释 英文版Human Physiology.doc

Human PhysiologyPhysiology is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of all living organisms.Human PhysiologyHuman Physiology （人体生理学） is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of human being.Internal EnvironmentExtracellular fluid directly baths body cellsInternal environment = Extracellular fluid Homeostasis （ 稳态）Homeostasis means a condition in which physical and chemical properties of internal environment is kept at a “dynamic constancy”.Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environmentNervous Regulationa process in which body functions are controlled by the nerve system.Pathway: nerve reflex Structure basis: reflex arcTypes: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflexHormonal Regulation a regulatory process performed by hormones or active chemical substances in blood or tissue. Auto-regulationdirect response of the organ to stimulus, independent of nervous and hormonal control. Feedback Control System反馈控制系统 a process in which a part of output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to affect or modify the action of the control system. closed loop system very important control systemNegative feedbackIf the feedback signals produce effect opposite to action of control system, this type of feedback is called negative feedback.Positive feedbackIf the feedback signals from controlled system increase the action of the control system, this type of feedback is called positive feedback. Feed-Forward Controla direct effect of stimulus (interference or disturbance signal 干扰信号) on control system before action of the feedback signal occursFluid Mosaic Model（ 液态镶嵌模型）Fluid：To be able to flow freely as gases or liquids.Mosaic: a special material that can be inlaid into a picture or patchwork. Cell membrane consists of a double layer of lipid molecules ( lipid bilayer ) , in which globular protein molecules are inlaid.Simple Diffusiona random thermal movement of the substances across membrane down concentration gradientSubstances: O2 CO2 N2 H2 steroids fatty acid alcohol H2OFacilitated Diffusiona diffusion process of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across cell membrane down their concentration or potential gradients by aid of membrane proteins.Substances: ions: K+ Na+ Ca2+ glucose, amino acid, urea Primary Active TransportIt is a process, in which the membrane moves substances uphill against their chemical or electrical gradients by directly expending energy (ATP). Substances: ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, H+ , I- etc. Mechanism: ion pump /ATPase (离子泵/ATP酶) Secondary Active Transport / cotransportIt is one of the active transports，in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Substances: glucose, amino acid, Ca2+, H+ etc. Mechanism: symportersymport, antiporter or exchangerantiport Examples: Na+ - Glucose symporter, Na+-Ca2+ exchangerPhagocytosis : “cellular eating” （吞噬） cell engulfs a particle and packages it with a food vacuole.Pinocytosis : ”cellular drinking” （胞饮）cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles. (unspecific) including fluid-phase endocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis Resting Potential (RP) It is an electrical potential difference across cell membrane in a resting cell Polarization ( -70 mV, A) （极化 ）It is a state in which membrane is negative inside and positive outside at rest. Depolarization ( A to B ) （去极化） Membrane potential becomes less negative than resting level. Hyperpolarization ( A to C ) （超极化） Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting level.Repolarization ( B to A ) （复极化）restoration of polarization stateReverspolarization ( B to D )(反极化) reversal of polarizationAction Potential a rapid, reversible and conductive change in membrane potential after cell is stimulated. Threshold / threshold intensity:It is the minimal or smallest intensity of stimulus to induce action potential when its wave and duration are fixed. Threshold potential It is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur.Value: 15 - 20 mV How to reach it Threshold stimulus depolarizes the membrane to this level. local response: a small local change in membrane potential caused by a subthreshold stimulus.Excitation: The process of the cell to generate the action potentialExcitability: The ability of the cell to generate the action potentialExcitable cells: Cells that generate action potential during stimulus. in excitable cells (muscle, nerve, secretery cells), the action potential is the marker of excitation.Power stokeOne angular movement of each cross bridge is called a “power stroke” of the myosin head. Excitation Contraction Coupling 兴奋-收缩耦联It is an intermediary process to link excitation with contraction of the skeletal muscle. Mechanics 收缩力学 Mechanics refers to the study of effects of some factors on muscle shortening or force.Load 负荷a force exerted on muscle by an object (or a weight ).Twitch a brief contraction caused by an action potential at low frequency stimulation.Tetanus a summation of twitches that occurs at high frequency stimulation.Isometric contraction a type of contraction that only produces an increase of tension, without shortening. Isotonic contraction muscle shortening against a constant load, without change in tensionContractility (inotropic state 变力状态，肌力作用 ） It means the intrinsic function state of the contractile elements in the muscle cell.Hematocrit (Ht ) 血细胞比容 percentage of blood volume occupied by all blood cells 40% 50% in men, 37% 48% in women (45 %)Suspension Stability of RBC ( 红细胞悬浮稳定性 ）a phenomenon that RBC are stable in plasma suspension. Plasma Osmotic Pressure (血浆渗透压) Osmotic pressure : a force produced in higher concentration side to attract H2O in lower side.Total plasma osmotic pressure : Crystal Osmotic Pressure (晶体渗透压)It is the osmotic pressure caused by crystal substances. Maintain H2O balance between plasma and intracellular fluid to keep cells in normal volume and shape. 维持细胞内外水平衡及正常Colloid Osmotic Pressure (胶体渗透压)It is the osmotic pressure caused by colloid substances.Role:Maintain H2O balance across blood vascular wall to keep normal blood volume. 维持血管内外水平衡及正常血量Physiological Hemostasis生 理 性 止 血It is a process of clot formation in the damaged vascular wall to prevent bleeding. (Gannong) It is a process to arrest bleeding by clot formation automatically. (Guyton)Blood Coagulation （