英语中的五种基本句型结构.doc

英语中的五种基本句型结构 基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二： （主谓宾） 基本句型三： （主谓表） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）一、 Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) He left.Time passes.It rains.这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.Ex: 1. The sun was shining. 2.The wind is blowing. 3. The moon rose.4. The poor bird couldnt fly. 5. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 6. They talked for half an hour. 7. The rain has stopped.二、主语+谓语+宾语I did nothing.You ate a hamburger.He left Beijing.She finished homework.They like music.这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。Ex. 1.She thanked her mother. 2. 她感谢了她的母亲。2. He is making a cake. 3. 他正在做蛋糕。3. He enjoys reading. 4. 他喜欢看书。4. I want to have a cup of tea. 7. 我想喝杯茶5. He watches TV. 8. 他看电视。 三、Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)I am a boy.You are beautiful.Class is over.The film is interesting(1) 表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。Ex.1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 1. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 2. 午餐的气味很好。3. He feels a little tired. 3. 他感到有点累。4. Everything looks different. 4. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 5. 他长得又高又壮。6. His face turned red. 8. 他的脸红了。 四、Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)I give hime a bag.You answer me the question.He told me a story.My mother bought me a book.这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。Ex.1. She is making herself a new dress. 1. 她正在给自己制作一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 2. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美餐。3. He buys you a dictionary. 3. 他给你买了一本字典。4. He passes her nothing. 4. 他什么也没有传给她。5. I am showing him my pictures. 5. 我正把我的照片给他看。6. I will give my car a wash. 6. 我要洗我的汽车。 7. He tells us funny stories. 7. 他给我们讲奇怪的故事。 当这一间接承受者放在直接承受者之后时，要用一个介词（for或to）来连接。可以用于这种句式动词主要有： (A) buy / build / catch / cut choose / cook / find / get / keep / make / draw / do如：He bought me a new bike. 也可以改为for sb. 的句式 He bought a new bike for me.(B) give / take / send / bring / teach / show / tell / pay / write / read / sell / lend / pass / return / throw / offer / hand如：She lent me a book. 也可以改为 to sb. 的句式 She lent a book to me.注意：当两宾语都为代词时，必须用介词把人放后面。eg: Please give it to me. 五、Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)I made the room clean.You paint the wall white.He named his son Tom.She let me sing.They made him work.这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词) 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。Ex.1. They are painting the door green. 1.他们正把门漆成绿色。2. They find the house empty 2.他们发现那房子无人居住。3. What makes him so happy? 3.是什么使他如此高兴？4. We saw him out. 4. 我们送他出去。5. He asked me to come back soon. 5.他要我早点回来。 6. I saw them getting on the bus. 6.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。可以用于这种句式的动词主要有:let / have / make sb. do sth.ask / want / tell / allow / wish / get / expect / encourage / invite / teach sb. to do sth.find / see / hear / watch / notice / feel sb. do sth./sb. doing sth.help sb. (to) do sth (2)但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。下面以基本句型五为例：We find the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。We find the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。We find the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。We find the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made bya comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。不同的动词使用的句型不一样，相同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样, 因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类型。以 get 为例：Hes getting angry. (S V P)He got through the window. (S V)Youll get a surprise. (S V O)He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)He got himself into trouble. (S V O)He got her a nice present. (S V O O) 句子中词性和词的位置也影响句子的意义:I found the book easily. 我很容易地找到了这本书。 （S V O）I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 （S V O C）I have to do something. 我得做点事。 （S V O）I have something to do. 我有点事做。 （S V O）练习：一）判断这些句子的类型并理解be动词的用法（连系动词助动词）1.The boy is asleep (_式) 2.The boy is s