跨文化交际文化价值观模式ppt课件.ppt

ChapterThreeCulturalValues Patterns Orientations 1 Contents 2 1 Perception BeliefandValues 1 1Perception 1 2Beliefs 1 3Values 2 CulturalPatterns 3 1 1Whatisperception Perceptionisprimaryinthestudyofinterculturalcommunication becauseourinformationaboutandknowledgeofourphysicalandsocialworldaremediated 传达 byperceptualprocesses Ourperceptionsgivemeaningtoallthoseexternalforces symbols things people ideas events ideologiesandfaith Perceptionistheprocessofselecting organizing andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseofourworld GambleandGamble P56 4 Twowaysthatcultureinfluencestheperceptionprocess 1 Perceptionisselective Whatisallowedinis inpart determinedbyculture 2 Yourperceptualpatternsarelearned perceptionisculturallydetermined Welearntoseetheworldinacertainwaybasedonourculturalbackground seeP57 58 1 1 Perception cultures 5 1 1 Perception cultures Perceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs values culturalpatterns 6 1 2 Beliefs 1 Whatarebeliefs Beliefsareourconvictionsinthetruthofsomething withorwithoutproof p58 2 Howdidyouacquirethem Beliefsareshapedbytheindividual sculture 3 Whatfunctiondotheyperform Beliefsareimportantbecausetheyareacceptedastruths Oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofbeliefsisthattheyformthebasisofyourvalues 7 1 2 Beliefs 4 Beliefsareusuallyreflectedinyouractionsandcommunicationbehavior Eg1 Agoodtan 棕褐色 isareflectionofahealthy activelifestyleandmakesapersonmoreattractive youwillprobably findtimetolieoutinthesunorevengotoatanningsalon 2 Suntannedskinreflectsalowsocialstatus youwillprobably makeanextraefforttoavoidexposingyourselftothesunbywearingahat long sleevedshirt andperhapsgloves andcarryinganumbrella onsunnydays 8 1 3Values 1 AValueisanenduringbeliefthataspecificmodeofconductorend stateofexistenceispersonallyorsociallypreferabletoanother 2 Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue right andbeautifulwhichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment Nanda Warms 3 Valuesarealearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts 9 1 3Values 4 Hofstede Valuesare abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers E g evilvs good dirtyvs clean dangerousvs safe decentvs indecent uglyvs beautiful unnaturalvs natural abnormalvs normal paradoxicalvs logical irrationalvs rational moralvs immoral 10 1 3TheValueHierarchy SecondaryValues PrimaryValues US hospitalitytoguestscleanliness Alleviationofthepainandsufferingofotherssecuringmaterialpossessions Democracytheprotectionofoneselfandclosefamilymember TertiaryValues 11 1 3 Howtogetandwheretofindvalues Howtoget 1 fromone sfamily2 fromschoolteachers 3 fromone speers friends schoolmates playmates 4 fromsocietyatlarge 12 Wheretofind1 frompeople sbehaviorpattern2 fromwhatpeoplesayaboutthemselves 3 frommyths talesofheroesandrituals 4 fromfolktales movies proverbs sayings etc 13 Individualism Equality Materialism Scienceandtechnology Progressandchange Workandleisure Competition USDominantculturalpatterns P62 65 14 2 CulturalPatterns 2 1Definitions 2 2Kluckhohn KluckhohnandStrodtbeckValueOrientation 2 3Hofstede sValuesDimension 3 ICStrategies 2 4Hall sContextOrientation 15 2 1CulturalPatterns Perceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs values culturalpatterns Culturalpatterntaxonomiesareusedtoillustratethedominantbeliefsandvaluesofaculture 16 2 Howtoclassifydifferentculturepatterns VariationsofValueStudies KluckhohnandStrodtbeck sValueOrientation Hofstede sDimensionsofCulturalVariability EdwardTHall sContext CultureTheory HumanNature Man nature Time Activity SocialRelationship IndividualismVsCollectivism UncertaintyAvoidance PowerDistance MasculinityVsFemininity High Context Low Context 17 2 2ModelbyKluckhohn P74 79 5basicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture 1 Whatisthecharacterofhumannature 2 Whatistherelationofmantonature 3 Whatistheorientationtowardtime temporalfocus 4 Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity 5 Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationship 1 Humannatureorientation人性取向2 Man natureorientation人与自然的关系取向3 Timeorientation时间取向4 Activityorientation行为取向5 Socialorientation人际取向 18 2 2KluckhohnandStrodtbeck sfivevalueorientations P74 19 2 2 1 HumanNature 1 Humannatureisevilbutperfectible WiththeinfluenceofChristianity Westernersbelievethathumannatureisbasicallyevilduetotheiroriginalsin However theevilnaturecanbesavedthroughsalvation ifonebelievesinJesusChristandcontinuesdoinggoodthings 20 2 Humannatureisamixtureofgoodandevil Asaresultoftheriseofhumanisminthewest theabovebasicbeliefhaschangedtooneseeinghumansasamixtureofgoodandevil Inotherwords everyonehasthegoodsideandbadside Therefore thereislawsysteminhumansocietytorewardthegoodinpeopleandpunishthebadandmakesurethatmenarenotdoinganythingevil 21 3 Humannatureisgoodbutcorruptible Good thephilosophiesofConfucianismandBuddhism InChina asinotherAsiansocietiesthathaveacceptedtheteachingofConfucius peoplearebelievedtobebasicallygood Childrenarebelievedtobepureandinnocentbutmaybecomecorruptedastheygrowolderandhavemorecontactwithsociety Theywillbebadiftheydon thavegoodeducationwhentheyareveryyoung 人之初 性本善 性相近 习相远 苟不教 性乃迁 Buddhismmaintainsthatyouarebornpureandareclosesttowhatiscalled lovingkindness whenyouenterthisworld Hence peoplearegood buttheircultureoftenmakesthemevil 22 2 2 2 man natureorientation 23 1 Subjugation 屈服 tonature Themostpowerfulforcesoflifearebeyondtheircontrol Whethertheforcebeagod fate ormagic apersoncannotovercomeitandmustthereforelearntoacceptit ThisorientationisfoundinIndiaandpartsofSouthAmerica FortheHindu becauseeverythingispartofaunifiedforce This oneness withtheworldhelpscreateavisionofaworldoperatinginharmony Eg someHindusectssuchastheBishoisdonotallowthecuttingdownofanytreesortheslaughterofanimals ThisisextremereverenceforNature whichhasprecedenceoverhumanactivities InMexicoandamongMexicanAmericans thereisastrongtietoCatholicismandtheroleoffateincontrollinglifeandnature 24 2 HarmonywithnatureTheharmonyviewiswidespreadandisassociatedwithEastAsians Chinesepeoplebelievethebalanceandharmonybetweenmanandnaturalworld ThisbeliefpermeatesineveryaspectofChineseculture Chinesemedicine forexample ismainlytoadjusttheunbalancedhumanbody InJapanandThailand thereisaperceptionthatnatureispartoflifeandnotahostileforcewaitingtobesubdued Thisorientationaffirmsthatpeopleshould ineverywaypossible liveinharmonywithnature ThedesiretobepartofnatureandnotcontrolithasalwaysbeenstrongamongAmericanIndians 25 3 MasteryovernatureWesternpeoplebelievetheyarethemastersofnature ThisvalueorientationischaracteristicoftheWesternapproach whichhasalongtraditionofvaluingtechnology change andscience Peoplewiththisorientationseeaclearseparationbetweenhumansandnature Americanshavehistoricallybelievedthatnaturewassomethingthatcouldandhadtobemastered EarlyWestEuropeanimmigrantstoNorthAmericaencounteredavast unforgivingwildernessthattheysetaboutto tame andmodernastronautsareworkingto conquer space 26 2 2 3 TimeorientationPastPresentFuture 27 1 PASTORIENTATION Past orientedcultures thepastshouldbetheguideformakingdecisionsanddeterminingtruth believestronglyinthesignificanceofpriorevents History establishedreligions andtraditionareextremelyimportanttotheseculturesTheFrenchlivesurroundedbythousandsofmonumentstotheirgloriouspast EveryquarterinParishasitshistoricallyimportantstatues buildings orfountains dailyremindersofpastachievements Frenchvillageshavestatuestolocalheroesandimportantpoliticalleaders Asaresultofthisconstantimmersioninhistory theFrenchtendtoseethingsintheirhistoricalcontextandrelatecontemporaryeventstotheirorigins 28 1 PASTORIENTATION China becauseofitslongandresplendenthistorycontinuestorespectthepast Respectfortheirhistoricalheritageisconsideredthemostimportanttraditionalvalue Theword old usuallysymbolizesexperienceandauthority 百年老店 老字号 InJapan whereShintoismisstrongandreverencetowardancestorsisimportant thepaststillremainsparamount GreatBritain becauseofitsdevotiontotradition includingthecontinuationofamonarchy resistschangeasitcontinuestovalueitshistoricalachievements TheFrench onmanylevels veneratethepastIntheUnitedStates AmericanIndiansvaluethepast 29 2 PRESENTORIENTATION Present orientedculturesholdthattheimmediatemomenthasthemostsignificance becausetheyseethefutureasvague ambiguous andunknown Forthesecultures whatisrealexistsinthehereandnow andthepresentshouldbeenjoyed PeopleofthePhilippinesandmostLatinAmericancountriesusuallyholdthesebeliefs MexicanAmericansalso prefertoexperiencelifeandpeoplearoundthemfullyinthepresent alsocharacteristicoftheAfrican Americanco culture 30 3 FUTUREORIENTATION Future orientedculturesemphasizewhatistocomeandexpectthefuturetobegranderandnicerthanthepresent Theword old isassociatedwith fallingbehind and uselessness while new isrelatedtoprogress changeandchallenge Peopleevenbelievetheycancontrolthefuture Futureorientationprevailsinthewesternculture SuchastheU S dominantculture Ifatfirstyoudon tsucceed try tryagain Yesterdayisnotourstorecover buttomorrowisourstowinortolose 31 2 2 4 ActivityorientationBeing 存在 anondevelopmentalmodelBeing in becoming 成为 aspiritualgoalofinnerharmonyandpeace Doing 做 activitythatleadstoexternalaccomplishments 32 1 BEINGORIENTATION Peopleinbeing orientatedculturesacceptpeople events andideasasflowingspontaneously Theystressrelease indulgenceofexistingdesires andworkingforthemoment MostLatinocultureshavetheviewthatthecurrentactivityistheonethatmattersthemost InMexico forexample peopletakegreatdelightinthesimpleactofconversationwithfamilyandfriends Mexicanswilltalkforhourswiththeircompanions fortheybelievethattheactof being isoneofthemaingoalsandjoysoflife 33 2 BEING IN BECOMINGORIENTATION Thebeing in becomingorientationstressestheideaofdevelopmentandgrowth Itemphasizesthekindofactivitythatcontributestothedevelopmentofallaspectsoftheselfasanintegralwhole Thisusuallycorrelateswithculturesthatvalueaspirituallifemorethanamaterialone Forexample inbothHinduismandBuddhism peoplespendaportionoftheirlivesinmeditationandcontemplationinanattempttopurifyandfullyadvancethemselves ManyoftheNewAgereligiousmovementsintheUnitedStatesalsostresstheneedtodevelopthebeing in becomingapproachtodailylife 34 3 DOINGORIENTATION Thekeytothisorientationisavaluesystemthatstressesactivityandaction ThedominantAmericanculture Americansareactionoriented theyarego getters Theygetgoing getthingsdone andgetahead InAmerica peoplegatherforaction toplaybasketball todance togotoaconcert andtotakerisks Whengroupsgathertheyplaygamesorwatchvideos ManyAmericansdon thavethepatiencetositdownandtalk Lifeisinconstantmotion 35 2 2 5 SocialOrientation 36 2 2 5 SocialOrientation Socialrelationships1 hierarchy Thismeanseachpersonhasapositioninahierarchy Peoplehaveclearlydefinedprivilegesandobligationsaccordingtotheirpositioninrelationtoothers Chinaisbasicallyahierarchicalsociety 37 2 GroupIncultureswithgroupvalues peoplemakedecisionsbyconsensus Eachperson ssocialidentitycomesfromhisorhergroups Loyaltyisimportantincultureswithgroupvalues 38 3 IndividualIncultureswithindividualisticvalues eachpersonisseenasautonomousandseparate Everyoneisequal Selfismoreimportantthangroup 39 40 2 3Hofstede sfiveValuedimensions Hofstede sworkwasoneoftheearliestattemptstouseextensivestatisticaldatatoexamineculturalvalues Duringthe1980s hesurveyedoverahundredthousandworkersinmultinationalorganizationsinfortycountries Thefindingsweretheresultofaresearchconductedinalargeenterprise IBM withitsbranchesin67countries 5dimensions powerdistanceuncertaintyavoidanceindividualism collectivismmasculinity femininitylaterdiscusseda5thdimension longtermview Asia 41 2 3 1 Individualismvs Collectivism Individualisticcultures I consciousnessindependence competition individualachievementCollectivistcultures We consciousness interdependence groupharmony groupcooperation 42 Individualorientedsociety alooselyknitsocialframework individualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselves Theuniquenessofeachindividualisofparamountvalue ICulture Examples America NorthEuropeancountriesGrouporientedsociety atightlyknitsocialframework peoplecanexpecttheirin groups relatives clans tribesororganizations tolookafterthem WeCulture或I lessCulture Examples AsiancountriesandLatinAmericancountriesandMiddleEasterncountries 1Individualismvs Collectivism 43 2 3 1Individualismvs Collectivism individualism collectivism 44 2 3 1Individualismvs Collectivism Wecanfindmanyexamplesinourdailylife whichstressgroupbehaviorssuchas 我们都 Weall 深受大众喜爱 bewellpopular 老少皆宜 goodforallages 大家好 才是真好 theproductisgoodforall soitisindeedgood 全国用户满意 thecustomersalloverthecountryaresatisfied 45 2 3 1 Individualismvs Collectivism Thefollowingadvertisementsshowthisorientationclearly l Findyourownroad 2 Inthisageoftechnology sharing whateverhappenedtoindividuality 46 47 2 3 1individualism collectivismcontinuum AccordingtoHofstede sfindings seeTable5 1 theUnitedStates Australia GreatBritain Canada theNetherlands andNewZealandalltendtowardindividualism Goleman2 Incollectivesocieties suchasthoseinPakistan Colombia Venezuela Taiwan Peru andmuchofAfricaandAsia peoplearebornintoextendedfamiliesorclansthatsupportandprotecttheminexchangefortheirallegiance InmanyArabicnations tribalismpredominates lieinthemiddleofthecontinuum AfricanAmericansalsoexhibitcollectivism 48 2 3 1Individualismvs Collectivism Casestudy Atthenegotiatingtable differencesinthisdimensioncanclearlycauseseriousconflict AmericanstoooftenexpecttheirJapanesecounterpartstomakedecisionsrightatthenegotiatingtable andtheJapaneseareconstantlysurprisedtofindindividualmembersoftheAmericanteampromotingtheirownpositions decisions andideas sometimesopenlycontradictingoneanother America individualismJapan collectivism 49 2 3 2 UncertaintyAvoidance uncertaintyavoidance definestheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured unclear orunpredictable situationswhichtheythereforetrytoavoidbymaintainingstrictcodesofbehaviorandabeliefinabsolutetruths Hofstede 50 2 3 2 UncertaintyAvoidance High uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembersthroughestablished formalsocialprotocols intoleranceofdeviantideasandbehaviors emphasizingconsensus andresistancetochange Theseculturesareoftencharacterizedbyrelativelyhighlevelsofanxietyandstress Hofstedesummarizestheviewofpeopleinhighuncertaintyavoidanceculturesas whatisdifferent isdangerous andthebeliefofpeopleinlowuncertaintyavoidanceculturesas whatisdifferent iscurious 51 2 3 2UncertaintyAvoidance HighUncertaintyAvoidance uncomfortablewithuncertaintyandambiguity intolerantwithdeviance ForExample Greece Belgium Portugal Japan Chile Israel SpainLowUncertaintyAvoidance practicecountsmorethanprinciples devianceismoreeasilytolerated Forexample Singapore Sweden Denmark Malaysia 52 RankingofUncertaintyAvoidance Alowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatdoesnotlikeuncertainty Thelowerscore thehigheruncertaintyavoidance 53 54 2 3 2 UncertaintyAvoidance NationswithastronguncertaintyavoidancetendencyareGreece Portugal Peru Belgium andJapan theotherendofthecontinuum wefindcountrieslikeSweden Denmark Ireland Norway theUnitedStates Finland andtheNetherlands 55 2 3 3 PowerDistance Powerdistanceis theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally Howdoyouinterprettherelationshipbetweenthefollowingpairsinbothhighandlowpowerdistanceculture parents childrenteacher studentboss employee 56 2 3 3 PowerDistance HighPDCulture PeoplewhoholdpowerandpeoplewhoareaffectedbypoweraresignificantlyfarapartVertical hierarchical everybodyhasarightfulplace E g India Brazil Singapore Greece Mexico etc LowPDCulture ThepowerholdersandpeopleaffectedbythepowerholdersaresignificantlycloserHorizontal inequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimized E g Austria Finland Denmark Norway NewZealand etc 57 2 3 3Powerdistance Peopleinhigh powerdistancecountriesbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflife Socialhierarchyisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality youfindagreatercentralizationofpower moreimportanceplacedonstatusandrank alargerproportionofsupervisorypersonnel astructuredvaluesystemthatdeterminestheworthofeachjob andsubordinatesadheringtoarigidhierarchy 58 2 3 3Powerdistance Low powerdistancecountriesholdthatinequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimizedBrislinnotes Culturesreferredtoas low powerdistance areguidedbylaws norms andeverydaybehaviorsthatmakepowerdistinctionsasminimalaspossible Peopleintheseculturesseehierarchyasaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience 59 60 61 2 3 4Masculinityvs Femininity Cultureshighinthemasculinitydimensionfocusonachievement assertiveness heroism andmaterialsuccess regardingworkasmorecentraltoone slife performancesociety Cultureshighinthefemininitydimensionvalueinterpersonalrelationships nurturance modesty compassion caringfortheweakandqualityoflife welfaresociety 62 63 64 Japan Austria Venezuela Italy Switzerland Mexico Ireland thePhilippines GreeceareamongthecountrieswhereyoucanfindmanyofthemasculinevaluesdescribedbyHofstede seeTable5 4 NationssuchasSweden Norway theNetherlands Finland Denmarktendtowardafeminineworldview 2 3 4 Masculinityvs femininity 65 2 3 5 Long termversusshort termorientation Long termorientationisthe5thdimentionofHofstedewhichwasaddedtotheoriginalfourtotrytodistinguishthedifferencesinthinkingbetweentheEastandWest FromtheoriginalIBMstudies thisdifferencewassomethingthatcouldnotbededuced 演绎 Therefore HofstedecreatedaChinesevaluesurveywhichwasdistributedacross23countries Fromtheresults andwithanunderstandingoftheinfluenceoftheteachingsofConfuciusontheeasternAsiancountries long termvs short termorientationbecamethefifthculturaldimension Characteristicsareasfollows 66 1 Long termorientation长期导向emphasizes 1 Persistence2 Orderingrelationshipsbystatusandobservingthisorder3 Thrift4 Havingasenseofshame5 Valuingfuture 67 2 Short termorientation短期导向emphasizesPersonalsteadinessandstabilityProtectingyour face RespectfortraditionValuingpastandpresentFulfillingsocialobligations 68 Long termorientation suchasChina HongKong Taiwan Japan andSouthKorea wouldmos