名词性从句_20121119074053871.doc

高考名词性从句讲解u 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. It is known to us how he became a writer. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2. 宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. She always thinks of how she can work well. 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3. 表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4. 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）三年高考真题1、【2012安徽】27. The limits of a persons intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 2、【2012重庆】34. Evidence has been found through years of study_ childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.A. why B. how C. whether D. that3、【2012全国】24. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.A. how B. which C. that D. what4、【2012北京】24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently.A. why B. how C. that D. whether5、【2012福建】35. We promise _ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever6、【2012陕西】20. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best.A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever7、【2012山东】25. It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.A. how B. whether C. what D. why8、【2012湖南】26. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter _ you have lived there for a short or a long time. A. why B. how C. whether D. when9、【2012天津】9. It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park.A. whether B. how C. if D. when 10、【2012江西】25. It suddenly occurred to him _ he had left his keys in the office.A. whether B. where C. which D. that 11、【2012辽宁】34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for _ he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever12、【2012四川】17. Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers.A. when B. how C. that D. whether13、【2012浙江】4. I made a promise to myself _ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.A. whether B. what C. that D. how 14、【2012江苏】27. The notice came around two in the afternoon _ the meeting would be postponed.A. when B. that C. whether D. how 15、【2011北京卷 22】_ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. Whom16、【2011北京卷 31】The shocking news mad me realize _ terrible problems we would face. A. whatB. howC. thatD. why17、【2011上海卷 35】There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that18、【2011上海卷 38】The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _ others actually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what19、【2011山东卷 26】I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why20、【2011山东卷 33】Weve offered her the job, but I dont know_ shell accept it.A. where B. what . whether D. which21、【2011江西卷 26.】The villagers have already known _ well do is to rebuild the bridge. A. thisB. thatC. whatD. which22、【2011江苏卷 26】It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.A. that B. how C. when D. why23、【2011安徽卷 33】His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _it is he is trying to express. A. that B. how C. who D. what24、【2011四川卷 10】Our teachers always tell us to believe in_ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which25、【2011辽宁卷 23】Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach _ to read first. A. what B. who . how D. why26、【2011辽宁卷 32】When the news came _ the war broke out, he decided, to serve in the army. A. since B. which C. that D. because27、【2011天津卷 13】Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.A. what B. which C. that D. where28、【2011重庆卷 22】It is still under discussion _the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. A. whether B. when C. which D. where29、【2011重庆卷 34】It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life.A. whose B. what C. which D. that30、【2011湖南卷)31】Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _the problem itself is. A. what B. that C. which D. why31、10福建We should respect food and think about the people who dont have we have here and treat food nicely.A. that B. which C. what D. whether32、10湖南Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew she was so angry.A. where B. whether C. that D. why 33、10天津As a new graduate, he doesnt know it takes to start a business here.A. how B. what C. When D. which34、10北京 some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.A. Whether B. What C. That D. How35、10浙江How about camping this weekend, just for a change?OK, you want. A. whichever B. however C. whateverD. whoever36、10浙江It is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. A. that B. what C. how D. whether37、10上海One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.A. that B. how C. what D. why38、10湖北The news _（房价将要下跌）has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices. (fall)39、10山东Before the sales start, I make a list of _ my kids will need for the coming season. A. why B. what C. how D. which40、10上海When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know .A. he is ent