新视野第一册读写教程课文第八单元中英文对照.doc

Unit 8Section A Birth of Bright Ideas No satisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. You think about a problem until youre tired, forget it, maybe sleep on it, and then flash! When you arent thinking about it, suddenly the answer arrives as a gift from the gods. Of course, all ideas dont occur like that but so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery but they must come from somewhere. Lets assume they come from the unconscious. This is reasonable, for psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual. Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known. All of us have experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it down in their life stories and letters. One can draw examples from genius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature to art and music, even in mathematics, science, and technical invention, although these are often thought to depend only on logic and experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly insightful the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become. Take the example of Richard Wagner composing the opening to ;Rhinegold. Wagner had been occupied with the idea of the Ring for several years, and for many months had been struggling to begin composing. On September 4, 1853, he reached Spezia sick, went to a hotel, could not sleep for noise without and fever within, took a long walk the next day, and in the afternoon flung himself on a couch intending to sleep. Then at last the miracle happened for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long. Falling into a sleeplike condition, he suddenly felt as though he were sinking in a mighty flood of water, and the rush and roar soon took musical shape within his brain. He recognized that the orchestral opening to the Rhinegold, which he must have carried about within him yet had never been able to put it into form, had at last taken its shape within him. In this example, the conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes by which the solution was found. As a contrast, we may consider a famous story: the discovery by Henri Poincare, the great French mathematician, of a new mathematical method called the Fuchsian functions. Here we see the conscious mind, in a person of highest ability, actually watching the unconscious at work. For weeks, he sat at his table every day and spent an hour or two trying a great number of combinations but he arrived at no result. One night he drank some black coffee, contrary to his usual habit, and was unable to sleep. Many ideas kept surging in his head; he could almost feel them pushing against one another, until two of them combined to form a stable combination. When morning came, he had established the existence of one class of Fuchsian functions. He had only to prove the results, which took only a few hours. Here, we see the conscious mind observing the new combinations being formed in the unconscious, while the Wagner story shows the sudden explosion of a new concept into consciousness. A third type of creative experience is exemplified by the dreams which came to Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his life path. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first in the world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dream on November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that he could only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum (I think; therefore, I exist). This dream filled him with intense religious enthusiasm. Wagners, Poincares, and Descartes experiences are representative of countless others in every field of culture. The unconscious is certainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creative thought the unconscious is responsible for the production of new organized forms from relatively disorganized elements. Unit8-A奇思妙想是如何形成的，现在还没有令人满意的解释。你对某一个问题思考了很久，直至感到疲劳，把它忘掉了，也许暂时不去想它了，可后来却忽然来了灵感!当你不去想它的时候，答案却突然从天而降，仿佛上苍赐予你的一份礼物。当然，并非所有的思想都是这样产生的，但许多思想的产生确实如此，尤其是那些最为重要的思想。它们猛然间跃入人的脑海，闪烁着创造的光芒。它们是如何出现在人的脑海中的呢?这还是个谜。但这些思想一定来自某个地方。我们姑且假定它们是来自“潜意识”吧。这是有道理的，心理学家就是用这一术语来描述不为人知的思维过程。创造性思维有赖于未知的东西变成已知的东西。我们都有过灵机一动、突然有了一个新想法的经历，而这在那些富有创造性的天才人物身上最显而易见。他们中的许多人对这种经历有着强烈的感受，并在回忆录和信函中将其记录了下来。无论是宗教、哲学、文学，还是艺术、音乐，甚至数学、科学、技术发明，在任何领域的天才人物身上，我们都能找到这样的例子，虽然人们常常认为数学、科学以及技术发明所依赖的仅仅是逻辑和实验。一切真正创造性的活动都在某种程度上依赖于潜意识中的这些信号；一个人洞察力越强，这些信号就越鲜明、越引人注目。以理查德?瓦格纳创作莱茵河的黄金的前奏曲为例。有关“钟声”的创意瓦格纳已经构思了几年时间，而他竭尽全力着手进行作曲也已经数月。1853年9月4日他抵达斯佩齐亚，当时他正在生病。他去了一家旅馆。由于旅馆外面噪音太大，而他又在发烧，所以他无法入睡。第二天，他出去散步，走了很长的路，下午，他一头扎进沙发想睡一觉。这时候，他的潜意识长期以来一直在寻找的奇迹发生了。他进入了似睡非睡的朦胧状态，骤然间感觉到自己仿佛掉进了滔滔洪水之中, 不断地下沉，很快，洪水的冲击声和咆哮声以音乐的形式呈现在他的脑海里。他意识到，久存于心中、却始终未能谱写成的莱茵河的黄金管弦乐前奏曲终于在他脑海里形成了。在这个事例中，意识在创作的时候对发现答案的实际过程一无所知。作为对照，我们可以举一个有名的事例，即法国伟大的数学家亨利?庞加莱发现被称为富克斯函数的数学新方法的故事。我们看到，在这位天才人物身上，意识活动事实上一直注视着潜意识所起的作用。一连几个星期，他每天伏案工作，花上一两个小时尝试着大量的组合，但毫无结果。一天夜里，他一反常规，喝了些清咖啡，无法入睡。许多想法在他脑子里不断涌现；他几乎能感觉到这些想法在相互碰撞，直到其中的两个结合在一起，形成了一个稳定的组合。到了早晨，他已经确证了一类富克斯函数的存在。他只需去证明其结果，而这只需要几个小时即可以解决。在这件事中，我们看到意识一直注视着在潜意识中形成的新组合，而瓦格纳的例子则显示了一个新想法在意识中的突然迸发。笛卡尔23岁时所做过的、决定了他的人生道路的一些梦，可以作为第三种创造性经历的例证。在这之前，笛卡尔一直在寻找确定性，先是在书本里，然后是在人群中，但均未成功。然后，在1619年11月10日的一次睡梦中，他有了一个意义重大的发现，即确定性只存在于自己的思想中，“我思，故我在”。这场梦使他充满了强烈的宗教热情。瓦格纳、庞加莱和笛卡尔的经历代表了各个文化领域中无数其他的经历。潜意识无疑是本能活动产生的源泉。然而，在创造性思维过程中，正是潜意识使得相对无序的成分变成新的有序形式。Unit 8 Section B Ways of Increasing Creativity My guests had arrived, but once again, Id forgotten to put the wine in the fridge. Dont worry, a friend said, I can chill it for you right away. Five minutes later she emerged from the kitchen with the wine perfectly cooled. Asked to reveal her secret, she said: I poured it in a plastic bag and dipped it in ice water. My guests applauded. How wonderful if we could all be that clever, one remarked. A decade of enquiry has convinced me we can. What separates the average person from Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare isnt creative capacity. Its the ability to use that capacity by encouraging creative impulses and then acting upon them. Most of us seldom achieve our creative potential but the reservoir of ideas hiding within every one of us can be unlocked. The following techniques suggest concrete ways of increasing creativity: Capture the fleeting. A good idea is like a rabbit. It runs by so fast, sometimes you see only its ears or tail. To capture it, you must be ready. Creative people are always ready to act possibly the only difference between us and them. In a letter to a friend in 1821, Ludwig van Beethoven wrote about thinking of a beautiful tune while half asleep in a carriage: But scarcely did I awake when away flew the tune and I could not recall any part of it. Fortunately, for Beethoven and for us, the next day in the same carriage, the tune returned to him and he captured it in writing. When a good idea comes your way, write it down on your arm if necessary. Not every idea will have value but capture it first and evaluate later. Daydream. Painter Salvador Dali used to lie on a sofa, holding a spoon. As he began to fall asleep, Dali would drop the spoon onto a plate on the floor. Shocked awake by the sound, he would immediately sketch the images seen in his mind in that fertile world of semi-sleep. Everyone experiences this strange state and can take advantage of it. Try Dalis trick, or just allow yourself to daydream. Often, the three bs bed, bath and bus are productive. Anywhere you can be with your thoughts undisturbed, youll find ideas emerge freely. Seek challenges. Try inviting friends and business associates from different areas of your life to a party. Bringing people of different ages and social status together may help you think in new ways. Edwin Land, one of Americas most productive inventors, claimed the idea leading to his invention of the Polaroid camera came from his three-year-old daughter. On a visit to Santa Fe in 1943, she asked why she couldnt see the picture he had just taken. During the next hour, as Land walked around Santa Fe, all he had learned about chemistry came together: The camera and the film became clear to me. In my mind they were so real that I spent several hours describing them. Expand your world. Many discoveries in science, engineering and the arts mix ideas from different fields. Consider The Two-String Problem. Two widely separated strings hang from a ceiling. Even though you cant reach both at once, is it possible to tie their ends together, using only a pair of pliers? One college student tied the pliers to one string and set it in motion like a pendulum. As it swung back and forth, he walked quickly to the other string and drew it as far forward as it would reach. Then he caught the swinging string when it passed near him and tied the two ends. Asked how he succeeded, the student explained he had just come from a physics class on pendulum motion. What he had learned in one context transferred to a completely different one. This principle works elsewhere as well. To enhance your creativity, learn something new. If youre a banker, take up tap dancing; if youre a nurse, try a course in vitamin therapy. Read a book on a new subject. Change your daily newspaper. The new will combine with the old in novel and potentially fascinating ways. Becoming more creative means paying attention to that endless flow of ideas you produce, and learning to capture and act upon the new thats within you.Unit8-B客人已经到了, 但我又一次忘了把葡萄酒放进冰箱里。“别担心，” 一位朋友说，“我马上就能替你把酒冰好。”五分钟后，她拿着完全冰镇好的葡萄酒从厨房走出来。当被问到有什么秘诀时，她说：“我把葡萄酒倒进塑料袋里，再把袋子浸入冰水中。”客人们鼓掌喝彩。其中一个说，“要是我们大家都能这么聪明, 该多好啊! ”十年来的研究使我确信, 我们都能变得那样聪明。普通人与爱迪生、毕加索或者莎士比亚之间的差别不在于是否有创造力,而在于是否有通过激发创造性灵感并将这种灵感付诸实践来利用创造力的能力。我们大多数人很少能充分发挥自己的创造潜力，可蕴藏在我们每个人大脑里的思想宝库是能够被开启的。下面介绍几种提高创造力的具体方法。捕捉稍纵即逝的想法。 好的想法就像兔