语法一(简单句,并列句,定语从句)(.doc

简单句、并列句和复合句一、简单句当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。简单句大体上可以分为下面五种类型：1主语谓语The plane has landed.He sat down beside me.2主语系动词表语表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。The medicine tastes horrible.3主语谓语宾语Who can answer this question?Lots of people are applying for the job.4主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语My uncle gave me a ticket.I showed my passport to one of the immigration officers.从以上例句可见，短的间接宾语(如me，them，Jane)都放在前面，较长的都放到后面。至于加to还是for要根据动词决定。5主语谓语宾语补语宾语和补语一起构成复合宾语。补语的作用就是为宾语补充一些重要的信息资料。They appointed him managing director.在以上五类句子中，有些句子，如祈使句，主语一般省略掉。Show me your passport.二、并列句并列句的两部分可用分号(；)连接。It was getting late；she had to hurry to the station.但更多的并列句都包含一个并列连词，把两部分连接起来，这两部分可称为分句，也可称为并列分句。英语中的并列连词有：and, but, for, or, so, yet, nor，not only.but(also)，either.or，neither.nor等，由它们连接并列分句。He shook his head，for he thought differently.三、复合句包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词或关系代词引导。从句分为定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句。The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.A man who doesnt learn from others cant achieve much.The film had begun when we got to the cinema.1I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. AwhoBthat Cas Dwhat2Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was _it was rather closely modeled on his own life.AwhatBthatCwhyDwhether3I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.Thats _I dont agree. You should have a more active life.AwhereBhowCwhenDwhat4In China，the number of cities is increasing _development is recognized across the world. Awhere Bwhich Cwhose Dthat5The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of _left their village homes for a better life in the city.Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthose1_ scientists know where a storm will happen，winds will suddenly change，carrying the storm to a new direction.AEven if B. SinceCDespiteDUnless2Is _ 48 hours _ the manmade satellite _ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?Ait；that；whereBit；when；thatCit for；that it takes；that Dit；that it takes；which3In a sports team each player has a clear role，and there are few occasions _ members are confused or uncertain of their roles.AwhichBthatCwhenDhow4Can you give me a case _ this phrase can be used?AwhenBthatCwhereDwhich5It is a good idea to ask for a map at the information center，_ may prove to be very useful before you start your tour of the museum.AwhereBwhichCwhoDthat6The engineers made two big plans for the dam，_ was never put in force.Aone of themBwhichCone of whichDevery one of which7Which can I take，Mr.Smith?Take _ one you like and leave the others for _ comes late.Awhoever；whoBwhichever；whoCwhatever；whomDwhichever；whoever8It is reported that the medical team has already reached _ is regarded as the most dangerous area.AwhereBwhichCwhatDas9Please do me a favor_ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 730 tonight.Ato inviteBinvitingCinviteDinvited10What do you think of teaching，Bob?I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.AwhereBwhichCwhenDthat定语从句一、关系代词的用法1that和which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。You should hand in all that you have.当先行词前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。This is the only thing that has been tried.当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost?有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.2“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词which/whom。They may start as a group of highschool students，for whom practising their music in someones house is the first step to fame.He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree.3as和which的区别(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。He came here very late，which was unexpected(not expected)当非限制性定语从句的谓语后跟一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。Betty always tells a lie，which her parents feel strange.二、关系副词的用法1当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(whenon which)Can you tell me the office where he works？(wherein which)2介词关系代词(which)where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from，to等。China is the birthplace of kites，from where kites spread to Japan and Korea.3高考对关系副词where的考查。高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。The accident has reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.1Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_life has developed gradually.(2010福建，24)AthatBwhereCwhichDwhose2The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister_she would stay for an hour.(2010江西，31)AwhereBwhoCwhich Dwhat3Thats the new machine_parts are too small to be seen.(2010山东，24)AthatBwhich Cwhose Dwhat 4.Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?You should try the barbers_I go.Its only 15.(2010天津，8)Aas Bwhich Cwhere Dthat5The old temple_roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.(2010陕西，11)Awhere BwhichCits Dwhose6. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends. （2015安徽28）A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which7. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in the 1990s. （2015重庆14）A. whomB. which C. them D. That8. Opposite is St.Pauls Church, _you can hear some lovely music. （2015北京24）A. which B. that C. when D. where9. It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. （2015湖南29）A. as B. where C. thatD. which10. The number of smokers, _is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. （2015江苏21）A. it B. which C. what D. as11. Creating an atmosphere_ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. （2015浙江19） A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which12. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work. （2015天津15）A. where B. whichC. whenD. who13. The books on the desk, _ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. （2015四川3）A. which B. what C. whose D. that14. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent. （2015陕西15）A. which B. where C. whom D. when15.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. （2015福建34）A. whoB. whom C. thatD. which1It is morning _ we have four classes，not afternoon.AwhenBwhich Cthat Dwhy2Thousands of Haitians cheered as the Chinese medical team arrived，many of _ even cried with joy.Athose Bthem Cwhom Dwho3The appearance of a super skyscraper in the desert is far beyond our imagination，_ throws great doubt on the height of the tall building.AthatBone Cw