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Unit 1 Festivals around the world 2. take the place of sb= be in place of sb 替代某人4.starve to death饿死 be starved of sth. 缺乏 starve for sth / starve to do 渴望 6. in memory of / in honor of . 纪念某人(一般表示对死者的纪念。)do harm to sb. =do sb. harm =be harmful to sb.=harm sb. 伤害某人 8.in the shape of呈的形状 award sth.(to sb.) =award sb.sth.(for sth.) 给予, 颁奖 reward sb. for sth. 因.奖赏某人 reward sb. with sth.用某物酬劳某人 13. have fun with sb. 玩得开心, 过得快乐 =have a good time = enjoy oneself. 18. remind sb. of sth. 提醒, 使想起 remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事 19. forgive sb (for) sth 原谅某人某事 forgiving adj. 宽容的 apologize to sb for (doing) sth = make an apology to sb for sth 因某事向某人道歉 carnival hold ones breath religion- religious, feast, drown meaningful (a) 有意义的hold a celebration/ celebrations take sbs place/ take the place of sb= replace sb6. Some festivals are held to honour the dead, or satisfy the ancestors, who could return either to help or to do harm.in honor of 为了纪念 A festival is set to honor/ in honor of the hero. No pains, no gains.1) A lot of people gathered to see what had happened.2) The student gathered a lot of information about the hero. 11. award 奖励 reward 回报,报酬He received an award of 1,000 dollars. He was awarded a medal for his excellent work. They admired our garden. I admired him for his success in business. Im looking forward to his coming.-ward 向着方向 backward 向后 forward 向前 As though/ if 好象parking lot it was obvious that1)starve作不及物动词,表示“饿死,挨饿”。starve for=be starve of/for,表示“渴望获得,迫切得到”。2)plenty作不可数名词,只用于肯定句中,表示“充足,大量,富裕”,可做主语,宾语或表语。做主语时,谓语动词随着plenty所指的单复数形式作相应的变化。plenty也可作副词,表示“充分地,十足地,好多”。in plenty表示“大量的,丰富,充裕”可作表语,定语,状语。3)satisfy直接跟宾语,若接that从句时,意思是“使相信”,从句前有间接宾语。satisfywith以满足 be satisfied with对满足satisfyfor向偿还be satisfied to do sth满足于做某事4)harm作名词,意为“损害”,不与不定冠词连用,常与do,come,mean等动词搭配。do more harm than good弊大于利Theres no harm in(sbs)doing sth=It does no harm for sb to do sth做某事无害处作及物动词,表示“损害,伤害”。5)lead作及物动词,表示“领导,引导”其宾语常接介词短语或者副词作宾补。表示“影响,致使”时,后接介词to,也可以接不定式。lead sb into使某人陷入某种不良的状态。lead sb away使盲从,常用于被动语态。lead nowhere毫无结果,对不起作用。 lead up to sth作为准备,导致。lead sb by the nose牵着某人的鼻子,完全操纵某人 lead a dogs life过困难的生活 lead sb believe that使某人相信(假的事情或不确切的事情)lead the way带路,带头 lead作为名词,give sb a lead给某人做出榜样,提示某人6)origin是名词,表示“起源,起因,出身”。be of origin起源于,出身于7)event是名词,表示“事变,事件”,既可以指历史上的,国际上的,国内的大事件,也可以指日常事件,复数形式还可以指事态的发展和结局。也可以指体育比赛中的“项目”。常见词组:at all events/in every event总之,无论如何,不管怎样in the event结果,终于 in the event of万一,如果,倘若 in that event若果那样的话8)dress作及物动词,表示“给穿衣”,后接人作宾语,也可以做不及物动词,表示“穿上衣服,穿着衣服”。dress up穿上盛装,打扮dress作不可数名词,表示“衣服”;作可数名词,表示“妇女及儿童的衣服”。dress sth up修饰,掩饰9)trickplay a trick on sb=play sb a trick开某人的玩笑,诈骗某人 do/turn the trick达到(预期的)目的,获得成功。have a/the trick of doing sth(有)做的习惯/癖好。be up to tricks,be at ones tricks玩鬼把戏,闹恶作剧trick可以做动词,trick sb into doing骗某人去做某事 trick sb out of骗取某人10)memory是名词,表示“记忆”时,接for而不接of。复数形式memories可表示往事。lose ones memory“失去记忆”,可能永远也想不起来;而slip sbs memory指一般想不起来,可能不知道什么时候又想起。within ones memory=within the memory of表示“记忆所及的时间”。11)gain也可以表示“增加,增进;(钟,表)走得快”。作不及物动词,表示“获得利益,增加,改善”。作名词表示“收获,利益,增加”。常用的词组有“gain in增加 gain over说服 gain on sb/sth赶上12)gather作及物动词,意为“搜集,采集,恢复,积累,加速”。还可以表示“推断,得出(印象,想法”后常接从句。作不及物动词,表示“聚集,群集”。gather oneself together振作精神 gather oneself up集中全力,鼓起勇气13)admire作及物动词,只能接名词或者代词作宾语,不能接宾语从句。admire to do高兴做 admire sb for sth在某方面钦佩某人 admire at对感到羡慕,对感到惊讶14)look forward to盼望,期待 push ones way forward挤着向前走 come forward走出来 put forward提出 backward and forward来回forward作形容词,表示“在前面的,热心参与的”。作名词,表示“(足球,曲棍球的)前锋”。作动词,表示“转递,增进,发送,提高”。15)take place表示“发生”有计划的,有目的的,有准备的发生,是不及物动词,无宾语,不能用于被动语态。take place有计划的发生,多指运动,变化,进步,会议,婚礼等。happen偶然发生或者意外事件的发生。break out表示“突然发生,爆发”,强调出人意料,多指地震,火灾,火山,战争,疾病,瘟疫等的突然发生。take ones place表示“代替某人,执政,上台”。take the place of表示“取代,代替”。16)make fool of欺骗,捉弄 act/play the fool 瞎胡闹,逗乐fool around/about无所事事,胡混 fool out of骗走 fool away把(时间)胡混掉 fool with胡摆弄18)drown表示“淹死,淹没,浸泡,沉浸于”。drown ones sorrow in drink借酒消愁 drown sth out淹没19)wipe sth from/off sth把从上擦掉/擦净。wipe out擦拭(盆,碗等的)内部,除去,消灭,摧毁。wipe over 再擦一遍。wipe the floor with sb(在辩论中,竞赛中)把某人打得一败涂地。20)weep about为而哭泣 weep at看到/听到而哭泣 weep away一直哭 weep for/over因而哭泣 weep out哭着抒发掉21)forgive有时可以接双宾语。forgive sb for doing sth原谅某人做某事22)有关word的短语:give ones word许诺 break ones word to失信于 have a ward with sb和某人交谈 have words with sb和某人吵架 have word听到消息 eat ones word认错,道歉go back on ones word食言 put in/say a good word for sb为某人说好话相助say the word发指令,发信号 in short words简言之 in other words换句话说in a/one word总之 word for word逐字地,一字不差地 by word of mouth口头上without a word什么也没说23)catch ones breath屏息 draw breath歇口气 draw ones first/last breath出生/死亡get ones breath恢复正常呼吸 lose ones breath气喘吁吁 save ones breath不必浪费口舌take ones breath away使某人吃惊 waste ones breath白费唇舌 out of/short of breath喘不过气,上气不接下气24)set off“出发,起程”,还可以表示“使爆炸,激发”。set up建立,树立,创立 set forth出发,起程,公布 set out开始,着手,出发 set about着手,试图,开始 set fire to点火 set to doing sth开始做某事 setaside把放在一边 set sth down记下来 setfree将释放25)as though表示“好像,似乎”,引导的从句谓语动词多用于虚拟语气。如果as though从句中所叙述的情况是事实或有可能发生,也可用于陈述语气。其后面除了跟句子外,还可以跟名词,动词不定式,形容词(短语),介词短语或分词。还可以表示感叹语气,来对某项建议、假设或推测表示不赞成,惊讶,不满和厌恶等。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。情态动词有四类:只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to 情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想。行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词. 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式。 2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一。 4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词。 5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间。6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用。 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: ought to, dare (dared), ,have (to) ,had better. 助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to,had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能。 can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。注意:could也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。 2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中) 3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。 4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等。5. cannottooenough表示“无论怎样也不过分”,“越越好”。may和might的用法1. 表示许可。 表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you cant . or , yes, please 用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)。 用May I征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。 3. 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。 4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。 must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。(must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些) 回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustnt,而要用neednt或dont have to。 2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 4. have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同: must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要。 must一般只表现在,have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。 注意:have to也可拼做have got to。 dare和need的用法1. need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。 注意:neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事” 2. Dare作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。 3. Dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实义动词时,在肯定句中,dare后面通常接带to的不定式,在否定和疑问句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。shall和should的用法一.shall的用法:1. shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。 2. shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 3. shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 二.should的用法:1.should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。 should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。 should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。 此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。 2. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。 will和would的用法1. 表示请求、建议等,would比will委婉客气。 2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。 4. would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。 5. 表料想或猜想。ought to的用法1. ought to表示应该。 2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别: He must be at home by now. (断定他已到家) He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定) This is where the oil must be. (比较直率) This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) 3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。 注意:在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。 ought和should的区别:1.ought语气略强。2.should较常用。3.ought在美国英语中用的很少,而should却相当常用。4.ought属正式用语。 used to,had better,would rather的用法1. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变。如: He told us he used to play football when he was young. 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式: 疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句 I usednt to go there. I didnt use to go there. usednt 亦可拼作usent,但发音皆为ju:snt。 否定疑问句 Usent you to be interested in the theatre? Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? Had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式。 注:had best与had better同意,但较少用。You had better用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。 Would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式。 由于would rather表选择,因而后可接than。 Unit 1 Festivals around the world1. mean 的用法1). mean doing sth. “意味着(必须要做某事或导致种结果)”, 其主语通常是指事物的词。2). mean to do sth. “打算或企图做某事”,主语通常是表示人的名词或代词,过去完成式表示“本来打算做某事”。3). mean sb. to do sth. “打算让某人做某事”,也可以用于被动结构。4). mean 后接名词、副词或从句, “表示;打算;存心”等意思;后接that 从句,意为“表示”。5). be meant for “打算给予;打算作用”。In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting2. take place 发生;举行 (不能用于被动语态中!) The performance didnt take place after all. 演出终于没有进行。 Was there anybody passing by when the accident took place? 事故发生时,有人路过那里吗?与place相关短语:in the first place (用于列举理由)首先,第一点 in the last place 最后in ones place 处于某人的位置,为某人设身处地想一想 in place 放在原来的位置,就位in place of 代替,用而不用 take ones place 找替某人接替某人的位置3. of all kinds 各种各样的相关归纳:all kinds of 各种各样的 the same kind of 相同种类的 different kinds of 不同种类的 this/that kind of 这(那)种 a kind of 某种1. That kind of question is very difficult to answer.= Questions of that kind are difficult to answer.2. We sell all kinds of shoes.= We sell shoes of all kinds. You can see different kinds of animals in the zoo.= You can see animals of different kinds in the zoo. Books of this kind sell well in the bookstore. This kind of books sells well in the bookstore.4. starve v. 挨饿; 饿死 He said he would starve rather than beg for food. 5. plenty n. 富裕days/years/.of plenty 富裕的日子/年月 如:You have a life of plenty, what would you be worried about?plenty pron. 大量; 充足 plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词, 用于陈述句。6. 1) satisfy sb. satisfied a. 感到满意的; satisfying a. 令人愉快的to ones satisfaction satisfactory a. 令人满意的She bought a satisfactory computerits cheap and of high quality.辨析 satisfactory, satisfied, satisfyingsatisfactory 指客观的事物或主观的表现达到要求而令人满意, 主语一般用客体。satisfied指主体对事物或表现感到满意, 主语是主体(人)如: She is satisfied with the service. 她对该项服务感到满意。satisfying: giving pleasure令人愉快, 主语是不定式. 常用于句型: Its satisfying to do sth. 做.使人满意如:Its satisfying to learn the success of his son in job-hunting. hurt, injure, harm, damage, wound的区别与用法hurt 普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害,也可精神上, 感情上的伤害。如:The girl hurt herself badly in the accident. injure比hurt正式, hurt多指伤痛, 而injure则指损害健康, 成就, 容貌等, 强调功能的损失。如:He injured his hand while playing basketball.他在打篮球时手受了伤。damage主要指对于物的损害,强调对于价值、用途、外观等所造成的损失, 这种损失或因自然灾害所致, 或因人为造成。如: Several cars were damaged in the accident. 好几辆汽车在事故中损坏了。wound 指枪伤, 刀伤, 刺伤等皮肉之伤, 是出血的, 严重的伤, 特指战场上受伤, 它可以指肉体上的伤害, 也可指人们精神上的创伤。如: The bullet wounded his left leg. 子弹打伤了他的左腿。We all admire him for his courage and bravery.7. the origins of the life on earth in memory of/ to the memory of sb. The statue was built in memory of the famous scientist.8. dress作及物动词时, “给穿衣服”。 Wake up children and dress them. dress的过去分词常用来构成get dressed与be dressed短语, 前者表示动态, 后者表示静态, 穿何种衣服, 则用介词in. 如:Harry up and get dressed. The girl was dressed in red. dress up是“打扮,化装”,如: You should dress up when you take part in the party.9. award. n. 奖, 奖品 v. 判给, 授予 award sb. sth. 奖赏某人某物award后接双宾语 如: award sb. a metal reward 奖赏, 酬谢, 不能接双宾语。 reward sb. for sth. 因奖赏某人 reward sb. with sth. 用某物酬劳某人例句:She rewarded herself with a cup of coffee after a whole mornings hard work. 12. as though和as if没有什么区别。as if用得普遍些, 却可引导方式状语从句和表语从句, 其从句谓语常用虚拟语气。(1) 引导方式状语从句 She acted as though nothing had happened 当从句主语和主句主语一致,从句谓语中又含有动词to be时, 可以把主语和to be一起省去。He looked about as though (he was) in search of something (2) 引导表语从句It looks as if its going to rainas though和as if从句用虚拟语气, 还是用陈述语气,根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反, 或者纯粹是一种假设, 通常用虚拟语气。The child talks as if she were an adult. 13. have fun 过得快乐 = have a good time, enjoy oneself. 短语有have fun ( in ) doing sth.14. But she didnt turn up.1) 来, 出席(某活动) Im very happy you turned up so early.2) 把(收音机等)音量开大一些, 反义词turn down. 如Turn up the radio a little, I can scarcely hear the program. turn down 拒绝 turn off 关掉 turn on 打开 turn out 结果是. turn to sb. for help 向某人求助15. keep ones word 守信用, 反义词是break ones word 失信 注意:keep ones word和break ones word中的名词word不能用复数形式!相关短语: in a word/in short/to be short 简言之;总之 have a word with sb. 与某人谈话have words with sb. 与某人发生口角 in other words 换句话说16. obvious adj. 1) obvious+ to + 表示人的名词或代词 如:Her disappointment was obvious to her friend.2) It + be + obvious +that-clause 显而易见,一目了然 如:It was obvious that she was in danger.辨析:obvious/apparent/clearobvious 是三者中程度最强的,含有“一目了然” 之意。 如:It is obvious that you are wrong.apparent具有某些明显的迹象,侧重经历推理才能看出结果。 如:It was apparent from his face that he was lying.clear 表示明白的,清楚的。指不模糊含混,易于观察,了解和识别。 如:He seems clear about his plans. 17. marry 的用法:1) 她嫁给了一个律师。She married a doctor. 表示“和.结婚”,“嫁.”,“娶.”时,marry为及物动词,要用marry sb.,而不用marry with sb.2) 她和一位律师结婚了。 She was married to a lawyer. 表示婚姻状态, 后接宾语时要用介词to, 而不用with.3) 他们结婚三年了。They have been married for three years.1. 注意:marry和get married 都表示短暂行为,不能和表示一段时间的短语连用,而have been married则表示婚姻状态,可以与表示婚姻状态持续多久的时间状语连用。get married with sb. 动作 be married to 状态 marry sb. vt.18. set off: 动身, 出发; 使(地雷、炸弹)爆炸; 使某物更有吸引力相关短语:set about doing sth. 着手(做某事) set in 开始 set up建立,创立 set down写下,记下set somebody to do something. 使某人开始工作 set somebody doing something 使某人处于某种动的状态1. -Do you need more milk? -No, thanks, theres p_ in the fridge.2. Shes s_ herself to try to lose weight.3. Nothing s_ him, hes always complaining (抱怨).4. You f _ me to death suddenly shouting out by my ear.7. These books are _ (最喜欢的东西) of mine.1.plenty2.starving3.satisfies4.frightened5.admire6.awarded7.favorites8.religious9.apologies10.forgaveExercise 2 根据句意, 用所给的词或词组的最恰当形式填空(注意有多余选项)have ones origin as, do (no) harm ( to), set off, decorate with, play a trick on, in the shape of, 1 He means _by saying what he thinks. 3 Sam used to be a spy _ a journalist.4 The Spring Festival in China _ an activity to drive off the “Nian”, a wild beast.5 Dont _ me; Im not a fool.8 What time are you planning to _ tomorrow?9 Father bought a Christmas tree _ colored lights a week ago.一、 Sentences1. Belief, then, is the great guide of human life. Theres no feast on earth that does not end in parting.2. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. Its never too old to learn. Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.3. No cross no crown.4. Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm.5. Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits of dead people.6. The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring.7. The country, covered with cherry tree flowers ,looks as though it is covered with pink snow.8. Festivals lead us enjoy our life, be proud of our customs and forget our work for a little while.9. The photo reminded her of her lover who had drowned at sea, and she wept. Although she had wiped her tears away when she came out from the room, she could not hide her sadness on her face.10. The meeting that will take place next week is in memory of their ancestors arrival in the village over one hundred years ago.11. If you havent got a might park permission you cant park your car here.12. According to experts prediction hell win the best actor at the Golden Rooster Award this year.13. It was obvious that he was trying to hold his breath.14. For many years the old man who lives the Mexico has been dreaming day and night about going back to his town.15. The energetic poet could not find the origins of the words.16. He apologized to me for not having kept his word and asked me to forgive him when we met again.17. The temperature is 32 degrees below freezing.18. The windows are covered with steam from the heat inside. Outside, snow covers the streets and is piled up along the sidewalks.19. If you were fall in, you would freeze in less than 2 minutes.20. When admiring the ice sculptures everywhere in the city, much like those in Harbin in Ch

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