江苏省扬州市高考英语 阅读理解精品训练（22）.docVIP

扬州市2014高考英语阅读理解精品训练（22）及答案解析 (2011南京二模，d)in 1890 william james, the american philosopher and physician and one of the founders of modern psychology, defined psychology as “the science of mental life” and this definition provides a good starting point for our understanding even today. we all have a mental life and therefore have some idea about what this means, even though it can be studied in rats or monkeys as well as in people and the concept remains difficult to understand.like most psychologists, william james was particularly interested in human psychology，which he thought consisted of certain basic elements: thoughts and feelings, a physical world which exists in time and space，and a way of knowing about these things. for each of us, this knowledge is primarily personal and private. it comes from our own thoughts ，feelings and experience of the world, and may or may not be influenced by scientific facts about things. for this reason, it is easy for us to make judgements about psychological matters using our own experience as a standard. we behave as amateur psychologists when we offer opinions on complex psychological phenomena. however, problems arise when two people understand these things differently. formal psychology attempts to provide methods for deciding which explanations are most likely to be correct, or for determining the circumstances under which each applies. the work of psychologists helps us distinguish between inside information，which is subjective, and may be prejudiced and unreliable, and the facts：between our predictions and what is“true” in scientific terms.psychology, as defined by william james, is about the mind or brain, but although psychologists do study the brain, we do not understand nearly enough about its workings to be able to comprehend the part that it plays in the experience and expression of our hopes, fears, and wishes，or in our behaviour during experiences as varied as giving birth or watching a football match. indeed, it is rarely possible to study the brain directly. so, psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour, and by using their observations to obtain hypotheses(假设) about what is going on inside us.本文主要讲述的是对心理学这一概念的定义和理解。13the first paragraph is mainly about _.a. the founder of modern psychologyb. the definition of psychologyc. the complexity of psychologyd. the influence of psychology答案：b。主旨大意题。由首段首句中的“.defined psychology asthe science of mental life.”和尾句中的“the concept remains difficult to understand”可知本段主要说的是心理学的定义，故选b。14from paragraph 2, we can know that problems arise because _.a. of the difference between inside information and the factsb. of different thoughts and feelings about psychologyc. people usually make judgements based on their own ideasd. amateur psychologists cannot use scientific terms答案：c。事实细节题。总览第2段中的内容可知，问题的出现是由于人们通常是基于自己的想法作出判断，因而会见仁见智，故选c。15according to the passage, psychologists study the brain mainly_.a. in a direct way b. with their own experiencec. by observing how it works d. by watching peoples behaviour答案：d。事实细节题。由第3段尾句“so，psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour，and by using their observations to obtain hypotheses about what is going on inside us.”可知d项正确。16which of the following can be the first sentence in the fourth paragraph?a. psychology is also about the ways people use their mental abilities to operate in the world around them.b. william james is considered to be the greatest psychologist in the 1890s.c. psychology suggests that living beings adapt to a changing environment so that they can survive.d. it is important for psychologists，as well as ordinary people，to be aware of the reasons.答案：a。推理判断题。从语篇结构可知，第1段引出心理学的概念，第2段谈论心理学的构成要素以及就同一问题产生歧义的原因，第3段说的是研究心理学的方法是研究人的行为，按行文逻辑推理第4段应该是谈论心理学也是关于人们把脑力应用到他们周围的世界的方式。故选a。(2011江西九校联考，e)being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. relationships with family, friends, neighbors，even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. the effect was first noted in 1858 by william farr，who wrote that widowers(鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a mans life and two to a womans. the effect holds for all causes of death，whether illness, accident or selfharm.even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. linda waite of the university of chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. theres a flip_side，however，as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouses death，and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. even so, the odds favour marriage. in a 30year study of more than 10,000 people，nicholas christakis of harvard medical school describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.so how does it work? the effects are complex，affected by socioeconomic factors，healthservice provision ，emotional support and other more physiological (生理的)mechanisms. for example，social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system，leading to better, health and less chance of depression later in life. people in supportive relationships may handle stress better. then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.a life partner，children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. the ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but christakis says：“people are interconnected，so their health is interconnected.”善于交际和拥有良好的婚姻关系和社会关系网络是长寿的良方。17linda waites studies support the idea that _.a. older men should quit smoking to stay healthyb. marriage can help make up for ill healthc. the married are happier than the unmarriedd. unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life答案：b。事实细节题。由第2段第2、3句“linda waite of the university of chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke.”可知答案。18it can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (line 5, para. 2) refers to _.a. the disadvantages of being marriedb. the emotional problems arising from marriagec. the responsibility of taking care of ones familyd. the consequence of a broken marriage答案：a。推理判断题。由第2段后半部分的“as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouses death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.” 可推断出说的是婚姻的副作用，故答案为a。19what does the author say about social networks?a. they have effects similar to those of a marriage.b. they help develop peoples community spirit.c. they provide timely support for those in need.d. they help relieve people of their lifes burdens.答案：a。推理判断题。由尾段内容可推知a项正确。20what can be inferred from the last paragraph?a. its important that we develop a social network when young.b. to stay healthy，one should have a proper social network.c. getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.d. we should share our social networks with each other.答案：b。推理判断题。由尾段尾句“people are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.(人们是相互关联的，健康也是如此)”可推断出b项正确。（三） 2013安徽省级示范高中名校联考switzerland is the best place to be born in the world in 2013，and the us is just 16th. a new study made by the economist intelligence unit says american babies will have a dimmer future than those born in hong kong，ireland and even canada. the eiu，a sister company of the economist，tried to measure how well countries will provide the best opportunities for a healthy，safe and prosperous life in years to come.people born in switzerland will tend to be the happiest and have the best quality of life judged in terms of wealth，health and trust in public institutions，according to the analysis. the scandinavian countries of norway，sweden and denmark also all make the top five in a qualityoflife index(指数)highlighting where it is best to be born next year.one of the most important factors is being rich，but other factors come into playincluding crime，trust in public institutions and the health of family life. in total，the index takes into account 11 factors. these include fixed factors such as geography，others that change slowly over time such as demography (人口统计学)，social and cultural characteristics, and the state of the world economy. the index also looks at income per head in 2030，which is roughly when children born in 2013 will reach adulthood. small economies take up the top 10 countries，with australia coming second and new zealand and the netherlands not too far behind.half of the top 10 countries are european，but only one，the netherlands，is from the eurozone. the crisisridden south of europe，including greece，portugal and spain，falls behind despite the advantage of a favourable climate. interestingly，the largest european economiesgermany，france and britaindo not do particularly well. nigeria has the unenviable(不值得羡慕的)title of being the worst country for a baby to enter the world in 2013.11according to the passage，the happiest people live in_adenmark bswitzerlandcgermany dnigeria12the factors of telling the best place to be born dont include_aeconomy bgeographyctrust in public institutions dpollution13which of the following is true according to the text?athe economist intelligence unit is a company.bthe economist attempted to measure the best place to live.cthe scandinavian countries are hardly at the top of the list.dhalf of the top 10 countries are from the eurozone.14the purpose of the text is to show people_.athe best place to be born in 2013ba new study made by the eiucthe worst country to be born in 2013dthe factors of measuring the best place to be born【语篇导读】 本文主要通过经济学人智库对国家的幸福指数的研究得出在瑞士出生的人是最幸福的，生活质量也最高，而挪威、瑞典和丹麦这几个斯堪的纳维亚国家也跻身前五名。11. b细节理解题。 根据文章第一段“switzerland is the best place to be born in the world in 2013”和第二段“people born in switzerland will tend to be the happiest and have the best quality of life”可知，一般来说，在瑞士出生的人是最幸福的，其生活质量也最高。故答案为b项。12. d细节理解题。根据文章第二段中对于判断最佳居住地的因素介绍可知，没有提到“污染”的问题。故答案为d项。13. a推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“the eiu, a sister company of the economist”可知经济学人智库是一家公司。故a项正确。14. b主旨大意题。本文的目的是展示经济学人智库的研究结果，而其他三个选项只是其中的一个部分，不能作为文章的目的。故答案为b项。 boys schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music.far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype, a us study says.boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the boy code of hiding their emotions to be a real man.the findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.tony little, headmaster of the british boys-only school, eton, warned that boys were being failed by the british education system because it had become too focused on girls. he criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.the research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.but in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the studys author, abigail james, of the university of virginia.teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with boy-focused approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given hands-on lessons where they are allowed to walk around, james found.single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be masterful and in charge in relationships. in mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means, the study reported. 31. the author believes that a single-sex school _.a. forces boys to hide their emotions to be real menb. helps to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boysc. encourages boys to express their emotions more freelyd. naturally reinforces in boys the traditional image of a man【答案】c【解析】细节理解题。根据bo