【初三英语】名词用法大解析.docx

官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导知识梳理 知识点1：名词一、名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词：个人，地方,机构等专有名称，如：China, Shanghai, Li lei等。2、普通名词： 1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 fighter, gun, country等。 2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, police, class等。 3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 cotton，tea, air等。 4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness等。二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：1）一般情况加 s ：books，mouths，houses，girls等。2）以 s，sh，ch，x结尾的加 es：classes，boxes，matches等。3）辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies：cities，countries，parties，factories等。4）以 o 结尾的词 +es：heroes，Negroes，tomatoes，potatoes等。 以 o 结尾 +s：radios，zoos，bamboos，pianos，kilos，photos等。5）以f，fe 结尾的多数 +es：leaves，lives，wives，knives，halves，wolves等。 直接 + s 的名词：roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：【难点】 1）manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, childchildren, mousemice. 2）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works. 说明 A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes： There are many kinds of fishes in that lake. B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man servantmen servants. (boy/girl students) woman doctorwomen doctors.3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law-sons-in-law , looker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化4、字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 “ s ”或 “ s”： There are two ls in the word “ all ”. Your 7s and 9s look alike. It happened in the 1960s /1960s.I will not accept your ifs and buts.5、物质名词一般没有复数，但如下情况除外： A. 用复数形式表示不同种类： wheats, fruits, vegetables. B. 表示比原文更广的词义： woodwoods, waterwaters, sandsands.6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.7、集体名词people, police 总是作复数： Several police were on duty.8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有，但意义不同： The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English. The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China are peasants.9、hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey 如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs. 10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等；news也是如此。11、glasses， trousers， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定： Where are my glasses ？ My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.12、不可数名词没有复数形式，如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词： a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap【重点】13、中考常考不可数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。 说明：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不可 数名词 ，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。三、名词的所有格：1、s 所有格： 1）构成： A. 一般词尾+ s.：the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ”： workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s： childrens toys. D. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加s： This is Tom, James and Dicks room. E. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加s： Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south. 2、of所有格： 1）凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系： the City of New York. a map of China. 2）下列情况通常要用of 属格： A. 当名词有较长的定语时： the name of the girl standing at the gate. Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.【难点】 3、双重所有格： 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时，用双重 所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的： a poem of Lu Xuns . a friend of his/hers . Which novel of Dickens are you reading ? some friends of my brothers .【难点】 4、几种特殊情况： the key to the door. answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema tickets for the film / movie a check for $1500. 四、不可数名词数量的表达法用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。Mr Smith always has _to tell us Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes 答案A。解析考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”，是不可数名词，所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时，一般放在前面。Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well，Id like to try those blue_. Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair答案A。解析pants要用a pair of来修饰，由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式，故选A。Would you like some drinks, boys? Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange答案 D 解析orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词（piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等）是可数名词，可根据情况用单数或复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。 exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 答案 B。 解析news为不可数名词，其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示，如a piece of，a cup of ，two glasses of three bottles of，etc。五、名词所有格及其用法以-s结尾的单数名词加“”或“s”构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。_fathers are both scientists AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob答案B。解析当两个人分别拥有时，要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志“s”来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人，所以在其后都加“s”，故选B。_room is big and brightThey like it very much 课前回顾知识梳理 知识点1：名词一、名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词：个人，地方,机构等专有名称，如：China, Shanghai, Li lei等。2、普通名词： 1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 fighter, gun, country等。 2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, police, class等。 3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 cotton，tea, air等。 4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness等。二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：1）一般情况加 s ：books，mouths，houses，girls等。2）以 s，sh，ch，x结尾的加 es：classes，boxes，matches等。3）辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies：cities，countries，parties，factories等。4）以 o 结尾的词 +es：heroes，Negroes，tomatoes，potatoes等。 以 o 结尾 +s：radios，zoos，bamboos，pianos，kilos，photos等。5）以f，fe 结尾的多数 +es：leaves，lives，wives，knives，halves，wolves等。 直接 + s 的名词：roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：【难点】 1）manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, childchildren, mousemice. 2）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works. 说明 A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes： There are many kinds of fishes in that lake. B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man servantmen servants. (boy/girl students) woman doctorwomen doctors.3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law-sons-in-law , looker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化4、字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 “ s ”或 “ s”： There are two ls in the word “ all ”. Your 7s and 9s look alike. It happened in the 1960s /1960s. I will not accept your ifs and buts.5、物质名词一般没有复数，但如下情况除外： A. 用复数形式表示不同种类： wheats, fruits, vegetables. B. 表示比原文更广的词义： woodwoods, waterwaters, sandsands.6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.7、集体名词people, police 总是作复数： Several police were on duty.8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有，但意义不同： The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English. The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China are peasants.9、hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey 如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs. 10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等；news也是如此。11、glasses， trousers， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定： Where are my glasses ？ My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.12、不可数名词没有复数形式，如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词： a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap【重点】13、中考常考不可数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。 说明：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不可 数名词 ，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。三、名词的所有格：1、s 所有格： 1）构成： A. 一般词尾+ s.：the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ”： workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s： childrens toys. D. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加s： This is Tom, James and Dicks room. E. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加s： Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south. 2、of所有格： 1）凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系： the City of New York. a map of China. 2）下列情况通常要用of 属格： A. 当名词有较长的定语时： the name of the girl standing at the gate. Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.【难点】 3、双重所有格： 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时，用双重 所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的： a poem of Lu Xuns . a friend of his/hers . Which novel of Dickens are you reading ? some friends of my brothers .【难点】 4、几种特殊情况： the key to the door. answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema tickets for the film / movie a check for $1500. 四、不可数名词数量的表达法用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。Mr Smith always has _to tell us Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes 答案A。解析考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”，是不可数名词，所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时，一般放在前面。Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well，Id like to try those blue_. Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair答案A。解析pants要用a pair of来修饰，由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式，故选A。Would you like some drinks, boys? Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange答案 D 解析orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词（piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等）是可数名词，可根据情况用单数或复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。 exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 答案 B。 解析news为不可数名词，其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示，如a piece of，a cup of ，two glasses of three bottles of，etc。五、名词所有格及其用法以-s结尾的单数名词加“”或“s”构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。_fathers are both scientists AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob答案B。解析当两个人分别拥有时，要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志“s”来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人，所以在其后都加“s”，故选B。_room is big and brightThey like it very much ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams答案C。解析本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时，只需要在第二个人的后面加“s”。故选C。Hows Joys skirt?Her skirt is more beautiful than . A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates答案 D。 解析当某物为几个人所共有时，只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式；如表示两者或两者以上分别所有，应在每个名词后用所有格形式。【巩固练习】( ) 1. These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor( ) 2. There are many on the mountain. A. apple tree B. apples trees C. apples tree D. apple trees ( ) 3. This is _bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes( ) 4. -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep( ) 5. -What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D. cakes( ) 6. - They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly. A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters( ) 7. Mike hurt one of his _in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear ( )8. There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears( )9. There are many _ in the city. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans( )10. The_ has two _ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch( )11. The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths( )12. -Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. -But I think we should let _go out first. A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children( )13. Are they going to have a party on _ ? A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day( )14. His father went to his doctor for _about his trouble. A .an advice B.some advice C advices D .the advices( )15. Swimming is _in summer. A .a great fun B.great fun C .great funs D .great a fun ( )16. Is there _on that plate? A.some chicken B.any chicken C.some chickens D.any chickens参考答案：（一） 1.magazines 2.flight 3.season 4. knives 5. music 6. lives 7. headache 8.scinetists 9.womens 10.foreigners 11.two months 12. difference 13.importance 14. thousandsCCDDC BBBCC CDABB B二、提高题：选择最佳答案：1. In the streets there are_ of different colours and sizes.A. taxi B. the taxi C. the taxis D. taxis2. These girls will become_. when they graduate from the medical college.A. woman doctors B. womens doctorsC. women doctors D. the women doctors3. Usually_ are very careful in doing exercises.A. girl students B. girls studentsC. girls students D. girls students4. The waitress brought us_.A. glasses of juices B. glasses of juiceC. glass of juices D. glass of juice5. The news reporter has collected_ about the private schools in the city.A. lots of informations B. a lot of informationC. much of information D. many informations6. This is. to students of English.A. a useful advice B. useful adviceC. one of useful advices D. a piece of useful advice7. It was freezing cold outside, so we made. in the office. A. fire B. the fire C. a fire D. some fire8. We need plenty of _ and fresh _.A. the sun, airs B. suns, airs C. suns, air D. sun, air9. They were happy with their_ in their studies.A. great progresses B. great progressC. many progresses D. lot of progress10. Finally Billy got _ as a waiter in a caf A. a job B. a piece of jobC. a work D. a piece of works11. Sorry, my husband is not in. Would you leave a message? All right. Please give me _.A. a few papers B. some pieces of papersC. some paper D. a paper12. The schoolboys had _ climbing up to the top of the hills.A. a good time B. good time C. good times D. the good time13. He took down _ while he was listening to radio English. A. several news B. a number of newsC. a few pieces of news D. some of news14. Lets sit down on _ and rest for a while. A. the grass B. the grasses C. grass D. grasses15. The ship Titanic went down into the sea and thousands of _were lost.A. lifes B. lives C. life D. the lives16. Many thanks indeed. Its_. A. pleasure B. a pleasure C. the pleasure D. great pleasure17. Its about _ to the zoo. A. two hours ride B. two hours ride C. two-hours ride D. two-hour-ride18. Wei Wei showed me .A. some stamps of him B. the stamps of his C. some his stamps D. some stamps of his19. He left his motorcycle outside _ and went in.A. the doctor B. a doctor C. doctors D. the doctors20. Do you know whose this umbrella is? It may be_.A. Susan B. the Susan C. the Susans D. Susans21. Id like to have one of that_.A. writers books B. writers bookC. writer books D. writers books22. Bob dropped_ of milk on the ground and cut his finger on some broken_.A. a glass, glass B. a glass, glassesC. the glass, glasses D. glass, glass23. We were walking along the street when an_ came up to us and asked whether we were _.A. English, Chinese B. Englishman, ChinesesC. Englishman, Chinese D. Englishman, a Chinese24. _ telephoned this morning.A. My father friend B. A friend of my fatherC. A friend of my fathers D. One of my fathers friend25. She looked at herself in the mirror and brushed _A. her hair B. the hairC. her hairs D. the hairs26. These are_, and those are_. A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, GermansC. Japaneses, Germen D. Japanese, Germans27. My si