应试作文技巧.doc

作文类型：1）给定观点型“The importance of keeping a good mood”“Travel broadens the mind”“The importance extracurricular activities”“The main difference between my college life and my middle school life”“The advantages and disadvantages of part-time jobs”“My idea of becoming a teacher in the future”2）对比选择型“Will phones kill letter writing?”“A major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television”“More pressure from academic studies does (or does not) good to us”“TV: a good thing or a bad thing?”3）自由发挥型“My idea of a university art festival”“The best way to stay healthy”“One way to solve the problem”“My view on reading extensively”议论文可分为立论和驳论两类。立论就是对正面观点加以阐明，而驳论则是对反面观点加以驳斥。立论的目的是阐明自己的观点，应有充分、合乎逻辑的论据，而驳论以驳斥某一论点为目的，应结构严谨、有理有据，无懈可击。在议论文写作中，通常是破立结合，既有立论又有驳论。议论文一般采取提出论点，组织论据，进行论证，做出结论的方法对问题进行分析。其中论点、论据、论证是议论文三段论的构成基础。论点是作者的观点或主张，它是议论文的核心，统领全篇，通常在首段提出，论点必须明晰、鲜明。为了证明自己的论点，作者要摆事实、讲道理，运用数据、事实或名言证明自己的观点，这就是论据。论据要求确凿、典型、充实。论证是以论据证明论点的过程，要求严谨、合理，论证一般在主体部分展开。所谓三段式的组织结构是指应试作文所包括的开头段（Opening Paragraph）、主体段（Body Paragraph）和结尾段（Concluding Paragraph）。常见开头段形式：1. 开门见山，点明主题文章一开头交待清楚文章的主题和论点。这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型”。如，“the best way to stay healthy”开头：The best way to stay healthy id to develop a good quality of psychology.2. 正反表态法开头段把正反观点都表达出来，最后一句写自己的观点。用1-2句介绍主题，再用1-2句介绍正反两种观点，接下来再表达自己的看法。这种写法比较适合“对比选择型”题目。如， a major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television.开头：Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen on TV every day. Some people think that advertising on TV can bring us a lot of benefits, but others hold the different opinions. In my opinion, I am in favor of the former.又如，Where would you go after graduation?开头：After graduation, some students choose to go to super cities for career development. Meanwhile, some students prefer to return their hometowns. As for myself, I would like to go back to my home city.3. 让步法又称先抑后扬法，先把反方观点引出，做一个肯定的评价，然后再笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。适合“对比选择型”题目。如，Will phones kill letter writing?开头：Nowadays, young people choose to phone each other rather than write letters. Some are worried that letter writing will be useless in the future. Even so, I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones, despite the fact that we have already stepped into the information age.又如，Degree and university study开头：In our society, the most commonly recognized standard of a students academic achievement is the degree. Consequently some people regard the degree as the only thing valuable while studying in college. Admittedly, the degree is essential for students who want a prosperous future, but it is by no means the only purpose at university. 4. 背景法对一个现象进行分析时，先把这个现象事件的原因、后果、发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后给出自己的看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”题目。如，The importance of keeping a good mood开头：The modern society is characterized with rapid pace, and people in such a society have to cope with a lot of pressures from either outer world or inner will. The most difficult, but necessary thing for them is to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.又如，One way to solve the problem开头：Vehicles are a major source of air pollution in cities. In my opinion, the solution to this pollution problem is developing the modern public transportation.又如，UnemploymentIn recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate. Unemployment is more than an economic problem. If it were not handled properly, it would result, in serious social problems. Effective measures muse be taken to solve the unemployment problem.5. 提问式要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后回答问题表达自己的观点，或对自己的观点做个概述，或先写出反方观点，对其做一个反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。适合于“对比选择型”题目。如，Factors influencing young adults开头：Of the various factors that can have influence on young adults, the family and friends stand out most. Which of the two is more important? My view is that it is friends who have the most important influence on young adults.又如，Should university students in China pay high tuition fees for their education?开头：Soaring tuition has aroused much public concern in China. Should university students pay a high tuition fee for their education? My answer is no.6. 引言法文章开头通过引用名人名言或谚语引出要讨论的观点。Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer J. Adler, a great American philosopher. Now college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate, and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education. Education is a lifetime study.2. 主体段写好引言段后，接下来需要寻找论点和论据去支持你在引言段中提出的中心思想，即进入主体段的写作。主体段是文章的核心部分。主体段需要把问题说得清楚明白。该段落的结构为主题句加上支撑句。可以从不同的角度分析问题，但不可过于浮泛，最好把问题集中在两到三个焦点上，集中进行探讨。段落结构的明晰是最重要的，最好可以运用一些常用的写作技巧，如例证法、对照法、归纳演绎法、因果关系法等。见P11-163. 结尾段充分论证了中心思想后，一个好的结尾段会画龙点睛，给人以整体感。其目的为：1）重申主题，并表示论证完毕；2）对主题进一步评论，使读者信服你的观点是有说服力的。结尾段1. 重申式重申主题，再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想。如，在Should China encourage private cars?的文章中，作者重申了论点，中国不该鼓励私家车：In short, China should not encourage private cars. As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned, we can develop mass transportation system to take the place of private cars.又如，在Should university students in China pay high tuition fees for their education?的文章中，作者再次强调自己的观点，大学生不该为教育支付高额学费：To sum up, students should not pay high tuition fees for their education. After all, many families cannot afford such an expense. The major burden of education should be shouldered by our government.这是最为常见的结尾方式，但重申主题时应尽量避免词语或句型的简单重复，应尽量追求表达的多样化。如：文章开头：People have argued for centuries without result over the question of individuality and conformity. If I had to make a decision, I would choose the former over the latter. My reasons are the following.文章结尾重申主题：For all the reasons mentioned above, I would instill my students a sufficient spirit of individuality. With this spirit, they would stand strong enough in the world.2. 总结式对原文做简短的归纳、概括，得出结论。如，在My idea of a university art festival的文章中，作者提出了把学生自编自演的英语话剧加进艺术节的想法，在文章最后作总结时，概括了全文，得出了英语话剧双重好处的结论：In conclusion, English operas have dual benefits to both the participants and the spectators. So it is quite necessary to have the English operas composed and acted by students during the upcoming art festival and other similar festivals.又如，在Borrowing books or buying books的文章中，作者论证了借书和买书的好处，在最后一段总结了全文，书分两种，一种借读为好，一种买读为好：To sum up, books are of two kinds: books for borrowing and books for buying. I would borrow a book if I read it just for fun or I only need part of it. But if a book turns out to be of much use to me, I would buy it without any hesitation. 3. 引申式提出建议，提供解决办法。这种方法特别适用于讨论问题的文章，例如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议和解决办法，或展望未来。在文章的结尾处表示对未来的展望或号召读者采取行动。如，在Globalization的文章中，作者在结尾提出希望，为了在全球化竞争中生存下来，必须顺应全球化的历史潮流：In order to survive the competition of globalization, we must go along with the historic tide of globalization, and actively cope with the opportunity and challenge that the economic globalization brings.又如，在On choosing friends的文章中，作者说明了两种朋友的好处之后，在结尾段提出最好两种朋友都交：To sum up, I think that it is a good idea for me to have both types of friends-some who are similar to me and some who are different from me. In this way, I can have the best of both worlds.该方式也很常用，用得好会使结尾具有很强的感染力，吸引读者，增加文章的说服力和号召力。如：There is no better time to act right now, for we still never be offered a greater opportunity than we are at this moment. For the first time in history, man has the overwhelming technological resources to combat human suffering and to improve himself. We must make the best use of it.The urgent problem now is to change the special treatment of juvenile delinquency. There is much to be considered, but in our own interest and in those of our children and grandchildren we cannot continue to take the “it is nothing to do with me” attitude we have adopted for so long. We must unite in a common demand for harsher and more disciplined methods against the offenders.4引用名言和开头段一样，结尾段也可以引用名人名言或谚语，同样能增强文章的说服力。如：This is still a world in which too many of the wrong things happen somewhere. But this is a world in which we now have the means to make a great many more of the right things happen everywhere. A Swedish social scientist is right in making the generalization about our attitude: anticipated change which we feel is right and necessary makes us unduly anxious and apprehensive, but such change, once accomplished, brings a glow of relief. We are still a people who believe in making good.把引言段、主体段和结尾段三个部分组织起来就是一片完整的三段式作文。主体段落中的四大句式主题句（topic sentence）、扩展句（supporting sentence）、转折句（transitional sentence）、小结句（conclusion sentence）1. 主题句（topic sentence）主题句最好放在段首，起到开门见山的作用，使观点更加明晰。主体段落中要求用一至两个reason来佐证你的观点。一个reason可以看做一个主题句，如用两个reasons，句子之间需有自然的过渡。比如，学校教育能否用体罚，你若反对，且有两个reasons，可以这样陈说：To begin with, corporal punishment, or physical torturing does great harm to childrens physical growth and development of intelligenceFurthermore, it may arouse counteraction or create further violence此外，还可以用一些稍微复杂一点的连结句。例如第一个reason的连结句可以用：The main reason why I prefer (object to) is that .我倾向（反对）的主要理由是加上主题句后，就成为：The main reason why I object to corporal punishment is that corporal punishment, or physical torturing does great harm to childrens physical growth and development of intelligence.第二个reason的连结句可用：Another factor that must be taken into consideration is that it may arouse counteraction or create further violence.主题句要避免过于抽象。如：(1) Computer is very useful.(2) Water pollution has been disastrous.2. 转折句（transitional sentence）用不同的转折词连接。3. 扩展句（supporting sentence）主题句一旦确立之后，需要选择一系列的扩展句来支持主题句。扩展句是段落主题句的延伸和证明，起着辅助主题句、展开段落中心的作用。主题句可由两到三个意义连贯的句子构成。如：No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature have classified all our little weakness. 该段落的第一句话是主题句，意思是广告影响每个人，第二和第三句都是扩展句，对主句进行展开说明。好的扩展句能使段落结构更加清晰，更具说服力。要写出好的扩展句，需注意把握以下几点：1. 明晰详实，有说服力。（主题句）Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 300 years. （扩展句1）During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families. （扩展句2）Usually they were not allowed to learn to read. （扩展句3）It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time.该段第一句话是主题句，其他三个扩展句对它进行详尽地展开说明。2. 层析分明，逻辑清楚。主题句和扩展句除了要保持意义的相关性之外，还要保持逻辑的一致性。为了清楚地表达主题思想，扩展句必须条理分明、脉络清楚。所以在写扩展句时，要注意连接词的使用。扩展句之间一般会有逻辑关系，如因果、转折、递进等，这要求使用连接词使句子之间连贯，逻辑清楚。3. 句式多变，节奏明快。High school graduation marks the beginning of adulthood for many Americans. Youngsters assume adult responsibilities at this time. For example, they move away from home after high school. Domestic concerns become their own. They also are often partly if not fully responsible for supporting themselves financially. They are finally expected to make their own decisions. The assumption of both personal and financial responsibilities is thus the true initiation into adulthood. So Americans become adults at the end of high school.该段落句式比较单一，基本上是由主谓结构组成的句子。可改进为：For many Americans, high school graduation marks the beginning of adulthood. It is at this time that youngsters assume adult responsibilities. For example, they move away from home after high school, and domestic concerns become their own. Also, they are often partly if not fully responsible for supporting themselves financially. Finally, they are expected to make their own decisions. Thus, the assumption of both personal and financial responsibilities is the true initiation into adulthood. So it is at the end of high school that Americans become adults.修改后，段落层次清楚，句式灵活多样。了解了扩展句的特点之后，介绍一种常见而有效的方法帮助选择相关信息阐明主题思想：设问解答法。即先在句子展开前加以设问，然后回答。如：主题句：To most visitors, New York is both a fascinating and a frightening city.设问：Why do we say New York is both a fascinating and a frightening city?回答： Because: It is a city of great wealth and of great poverty. There are many rich people, but there are many poor people too. There are many luxury apartment buildings and there are slum tenements.Because: There is a great deal of beauty and a great deal of ugliness. The parks and the shops are beautiful, but the dirty streets and subways are ugly.Because: Most things are expensive, but some things are free. The cost of entertainment is generally high, but there are usually many free lectures, concerts, and art exhibits.Because: There are people who work all day and people who work all night.上述“设问解答”法为我们提供了一种思考问题的角度，把上面的思路加以整理，就可成文：To most visitors, New York is both a fascinating and a frightening city. It is a city of great wealth and of great poverty. There are many rich people, but there are many poor people too. There are many luxury apartment buildings and there are slum tenements. There is a great deal of beauty and a great deal of ugliness. The parks and the shops are beautiful, but the dirty streets and subways are ugly. There are people who work all day and people who work all night.4. 小结句（conclusion sentence）完成了主题句和扩展句后，就要对段落进行总结。小节句位于段末，对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。小结句常和主题句相呼应或是主题句的重述，并与扩展句相关联。小结句可以以不同的方式再现主题句，有时甚至可以是段落的主题句。所以，写好小结句对整个段落而言是至关重要的。1小结句对主题句呼应A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as “agreement” and became more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by the concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law.本段第一句是主题句，最后一句是小结句。小结句表达的意思与主题句一致，但句子结构和用词不一样。小结句是主题句的再现和呼应，使段落中心思想更加突出。2小结句对全段进行总结My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.3小结句用引言There is no doubt that youth drug abuse is a serious social problem and has produces a lot of negative effects on our society. The most severe consequence is the rapid increase of juveniles delinquencies committed by youths taking drugs. With the high incidence of youth drug cases, many once-happy families have been on the verge of collapse, which will inevitably disrupt social order and jeopardize social security and even national stability. On the other hand, young drug addicts also suffer a lot. They have serious symptoms, such as progressive thinning, damage to their vital organs, and general deterioration of health. In short, as an old saying goes, drugs turn humans to beasts.五大技巧：举例、比较与对照、归纳与演绎、因果比较、定义与分类（见教科书）常用句式模板1. 开头句模板1）现象法Recently the rise in /problem of /question of /phenomenon of has drawn/aroused public /popular /grave /world-wide attention.Recently the rise in /problem of /question of /phenomenon of has arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as note-worthy /more distinctly for settlement.Task: At present, there is a heated discussion on whether the young should take care of their parents when they grow old; or should it be the responsibility of the state?e.g. Recently the issue of whether the elderly should be taken care of by the government or their young children has been posed among the general public.2）对立法When asked about , the vast /overwhelming majority of /most /many /quite a few people say /think /believe that But other people regard /view /see asOrWhen asked about , the vast /overwhelming majority of /most /many /quite a few people say /think /believe that But I think /view quite /a bit differently.Task: Personal Appearance: Look Really Count?e.g. There is a famous saying that “Looks arent everything.” People who argue for it claim that the appearance is only superficial, therefore cannot be totally relied on to make the final judgment on a person. Those who oppose it have their sound reasons, they also advocate that even if people know it clearly that the personal appearance does not equal ones competence, the subjective impression on the appearance will inevitably influence their judgment more or less. Undeniably, there are points in both sides of the argument, however, to my mind, I would like to support the statement strongly.3）提问法Should /What? Opinions of /Attitudes towardsvary widely /greatly from person to person.Some think of /regard /viewasOthers contend /argue /claimTask: On a Chinese college campus, usually several college students share a dormitory. Unfortunately some students do not pay enough attention to living in a shared environment. For instance, they may ignore the sanitation of their dormitory or they may suddenly start to play music while others are sound asleep. Hence the idea of making dormitory policies to curb these indecencies has become popular on campus.Youre in favor of this idea and have therefore decided to write to your university campus radio a passage entitled: In Support of Dormitory Policiese.g. Should university students living in the same dormitory set their own policies? Answers to this question vary from person to person. Some view it necessary for university students to have their own rules in