英语倒装句.doc

英语倒装句(Inversion)主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序： 一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）； 二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。 而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion） 完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称全部倒装,是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。 部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。 前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。表示强调倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下: 1.only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。 Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 2. hardly,in no way,little,scarcely,seldom,never,no more, no longer,not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。例子: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night . 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 3. so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 例子: So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。 4.某些副词开头的句子构成的完全倒装here、there、now、then、thus等副词开头的句子可构成完全倒装。条件是谓语动词是不及物动词，如arise、be、come、exist、go、follow等。需要注意的是，当主语是代词时，不能构成倒装。 例子： Here comes our headmaster。我们的校长来了。 Here it is. 在这里。 Here is your key. 这是你的钥匙。 承上启下1.为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用so+be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语或neither/nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装句式。 其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同，第二个句式表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。 例子: A:His brother is（not） a college student; B:so is mine.(nor is mine .) A:他弟弟（不）是大学生，B:我弟弟也是。(我弟弟也不是。) A:He used to have his further study abroad; B:so did I.(neither did I.) A:他曾去国外深造过。B:我也去过。(我也没有。) A:One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B:so can his wife.(neither can his wife .) A:我的一个朋友会说三门外国语。B:他的妻子也会。(他的妻子也不会。) 2.倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。 例子: They broke into her uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。 We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。 制造悬念,渲染气氛在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。 如朗费罗(Longfellow)雪花中的一节: Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent, and soft, and slow, Descends the snow. 它来自天上。 叠叠乌云抖衣裳， 静悄悄，不慌张， 绵绵雪花降； 落在光秃秃的棕色树林， 和收割过的孤寂田野上。 在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。 平衡结构英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。 1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。 例子: （1）A. To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. 一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。 （2）A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities. B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities. 地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。 例句（2）包含一个非限制性定语从句，B句未倒装，则从句的先行词与引导词which中间被状语分隔开，不易于理解，而A句倒装使得先行词air conditioner与引导词which的关系一目了然。 从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。 2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。 例子: Such would be our home in the future. 我们家就将是这个样子。 3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。 例子: Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。 使描写生动有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。 例子: Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。 Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。 Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了! Bang came another shot! 砰!又是一声枪响! 以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。 “Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, . Away they run, pellmell, helterskelter, yellingscreaming, . “Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, . Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens ) 作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。 倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。英语部分倒装大归纳 1. 疑问句中，一般须部分倒装。如：How long have you been here? 你来这儿多长时间了？What do you think about the movie? 你认为这场电影怎么样？Why doesnt he come here? 他为什么没来这儿？注意：当对句子的主语提问时，一般不用倒装语序。如：Who did it just now? 刚才谁干的？What happened last night? 昨天晚上发生了什么事？2. 否定词no, none, neither, nor, nobody, nothing, never，或半否定词hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, few, 否定词的短语not until, by no means, not onlybut also, in no way, neithernor, in no time, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, 及频度状语副词every day, every other day, many a time, often等位于句首时，一般须部分倒装。如：Neither do I know him. 我也不认识他。No word did he say before he left. 他一句话没说就走了。Little did I know about it. 我对它了解得不多。Not only did he come, but also he brought us good news. 他不但来了，而且给我们带来了好消息。Often did he come here with a good smile on his face. 他来这里时，脸上挂着笑容。3. Only + 状语，置于句首时，一般须用部分倒装。如：Only when I got there did I know the truth. 我只有到那里时才知道事情的真相。Only in the morning can you meet him. 你只有在早晨见到他。注意：(1) Only + 状语不在句首时，不可倒装，如：I wrote to him only yesterday. 我就在昨天给它取了封信。(2) Only + 名词做主语时，不可倒装。如：Only Li Lei can answer this question. 只有李蕾能回答这个问题。4. as / though引导让步状语从句时，一般须用部分倒装。如：Old as / though he is, he works like a young man. 尽管他很老了，但他工作起来却像个年轻人。Hard as / though he was working, he didnt pass the exam. 虽然他一直在努力学习，但他还是没有通过那次考试。Try again as / though he will, he cant succeed. 尽管他还会再试一试，但是它不会成功。as / though引起的倒装分三种情况：表语、动词原形及状语的倒装。(1) 表语的倒装。一般直接将表语提前到句首，若表语是带不定冠词a / an的单数可数名词，倒装后，不定冠词a / an须被省略。如：Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.(2)原形动词的倒装。A. 动词前面带有情态动词may, might, will, would, can, could等时，只将行为动词提到句首，而这些情态动词保留在原处。B. 若动词前面没有情态动词时，应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。C. 用于这一句型的动词一般是不及物动词，而不能是系动词或及物动词。如：Swim as / though he can, he cant swim so far. 尽管他会游泳，但是他游不得那么远。Run as / though he did, he didnt run fast enough to catch the bus. 虽然他跑，但是他跑得不够快而没有赶上汽车。(3)状语倒装。如：In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesnt read his texts. 尽管他呆在教室里，但他不读书。Ccarefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 尽管他工作很细心，但还是除了一些差错。5. may用来表示祝愿时，一般用部分倒装。如：May you have a good journey. 祝你旅途愉快。May you succeed. 祝你成功。 6. 当虚拟条件句的谓语含有were, had, should时，可将if省略，而将were, had, should提到句首，形成部分倒装。如：Were he here, we would have no difficulty with it. 要是他在这儿的话，我们就不会有难处了。Had you worked hard, you would have finished it early. 要是你工作努力的话，你将早就完成了。7. 当so 用来连接不同的人或物具有相同的情况时，可用部分倒装。如：Tom can speak Chinese. 汤姆会讲汉语。So can Mary. 玛丽也会讲汉语。Mr. Li has gone to America. 李先生去美国了。So has Mrs. Li. 李夫人也去美国了。但是，若是对同一个人或事的情况表示肯定而重复时，不能倒装。如：Li Lei is good at his lessons. 李蕾的功课学得好。So he is. 他的确学得好。Wei Fang went to the cinema last night. 魏方昨晚去看过电影。So she did. 她的确去看过()。8. 结构sothat/ suchthat引导状语从句，当so或such提到句首时，主句须用倒装语序。如：So interesting is that story that everyone wants to read it. 那个故事那么有趣，大家都想看。So good a girl is she that we all like her. 她是一个如此好的女孩，我们大家都喜欢她。(比较) Such a good girl is she that we all like her. 她是一个如此好的女孩，我们大家都喜欢她。9. 感叹句中的倒装。如：Isnt it beautiful! 难道还不漂亮！Arent you content with it! 难道还不知足！完全倒装用法归纳 完全倒装，即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有：1. 以 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away等方向性副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。如：Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。Now comes your turn.现在该你了。Then came a new difficulty.这时又产生了一个新的困难。The door opened and in came Mr Li.门开了，李先生进了来。注：若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如：The door opened and in she came.门开了，她走了进来。2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。如：Among them was my friend Jim.他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。Around the lake are some tall trees.湖的四周有些高树。注：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。部分倒装用法归纳 部分倒装，即将主语与助动词倒置，其结构与一般疑问句大致相同。英语中构成部分倒装的主要情形有：1. 含否定意义的词(如 never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner,no longer, nowhere,by no means等)置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：Never have I seen read such a book.我从未读过那样的书。Little do we know his life.我们对他的生活了解得很少。By no means should you tell him about it.你绝不要告诉他这事。2. only加状语(副词 /介词短语 /从句)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：Only in this way can you do it well.只有这样你才能做好。Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。3. so / neither / nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。如：He can sing English songs and so can I.他会唱英语歌，我也会。He didnt see the film, and neither did I.他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young.她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。4. 当虚拟条件句含有 were, should, had时，可省略 if，将 were, should, had置于句首。如：Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse.如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something.我要是明白了这一点，我可能会采取某种行动(from )。5. so.that结构中，将 so+adj. / adv.置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序。如：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度完全倒装的四种主要类型 1. here和there位于句首时的倒装表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词：Heres Tom.汤姆在这里。Theres Jim.吉姆在那儿。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。There goes the bell.铃响了。There goes the last train.最后一班火车开走了。【注意】(1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。(2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装：Here I am.我在这儿。/我来了。Here it comes.它来了。(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：There stood a desk against the wall.靠墙放着一张书桌。Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef.从前有个人名叫比夫。 2. away和down等位于句首时的倒装地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词：Away went the runners.赛跑选手们跑远了。Round and round flew the plane.飞机盘旋着。The door opened and in came Mr Smith.门开了，史密斯先生进了来。Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。【注意】若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装：Away he went.他跑远了。Down it came.它掉了下来。 3.状语或表语位于句首时的倒装为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装：Among these people was his friend Jim.他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand.窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。【注意】在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat.箱子里是一只猫。In the box were some cats.箱子里是一些猫。 4.分词和不定式置于句首的倒装有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装：Buried in the sands was an ancient village.一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。Standing beside the table was his wife.站在桌旁的是他的妻子。To be carefully considered are the following questions.下列问题要仔细考虑。英语部分倒装用法归纳 1.否定副词位于句首时的倒装在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装： I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him.我永远不会宽恕他。He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner.他很少出去吃饭。She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music.她几乎没时间听音乐。He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is.他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off.我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。【注意】(1) 对于notuntil句型，当not until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：He didnt leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.雨停了之后他才离开这房间。(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装：On no accounts must this switch be touched.这个开关是绝不能触摸的。In Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序：In no time he worked out the problem.他马上就算出了那道题。 2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序：Only then did he realize that he was wrong.到那时他才意识到他错了。Only in this way are you able to do it well.你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。 3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape.袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：You are young and so am I.你年轻，我也年轻。She likes music and so do I.她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it, so can I.要是他能做此事，我也能。【注意】(from )(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：You arent young and neither am I.你不年轻，我也不年轻。She hasnt read it and nor have I.她没有读它，我也没有读。(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别：It was cold yesterday. So it was. “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”Father, you promised. Well, so I did. “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。” 5.由not onlybut also引出的倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet.他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。 6.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。Should you require anything give me a ring.如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。【注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词：Had I money, I would buy it.假若我有钱，我就会买它。as / though引导让步状语从句时要用倒装吗 as / though引导让步状语从句时，一般须用部分倒装。如：Old as / though he is, he works like a young man. 尽管他很老了，但他工作起来却像个年轻人。Hard as / though he was working, he didnt pass the exam. 虽然他一直在努力学习，但他还是没有通过那次考试。Try again as / though he will, he cant succeed. 尽管他还会再试一试，但是它不会成功。as / though引起的倒装分三种情况：表语、动词原形及状语的倒装。1.表语的倒装一般直接将表语提前到句首，若表语是带不定冠词a / an的单数可数名词，倒装后，不定冠词a / an须被省略。如：Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.2. 原形动词的倒装A. 动词前面带有情态动词may, might, will, would, can, could等时，只将行为动词提到句首，而这些情态动词保留在原处。B. 若动词前面没有情态动词时，应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。C. 用于这一句型的动词一般是不及物动词，而不能是系动词或及物动词。如：Swim as / though he can, he cant swim so far. 尽管他会游泳，但是他游不得那么远。Run as / though he did, he didnt run fast enough to catch the bus. 虽然他跑，但是他跑得不够快而没有赶上汽车。3. 状语倒装In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesnt read his texts. 尽管他呆在教室里，但他不读书。Carefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 尽管他工作很细心，但还是除了一些差错四种容易忽视的倒装 1. as引导让步状语从句时的倒装as作“虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。此时，要注意两点：若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，要省略不定冠词；若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词)，与之连用的通常是may, might, will, would等，且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后)；though有时也可像as这样使作倒装。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.虽然他是小孩，但却很懂了。Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you.虽然我很喜欢你，但我不能和你一起生活。Try as he might, he couldnt open the door.虽然他试过几次，但仍不能把门打开。2. Such is life之类的倒装这类句子中的such其实为表语，真正的主语是其后的 life。如：Such is his nature.他的本性就这样。Such were his words.这就是他所说的话。3.表示祝愿的句子的倒装May you succeed!祝你成功！Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！4.以频度副词开头引出的倒装以always, usually, often, now and then, many a time, every day等频度副词位于句首，且表示强调时，用部分倒装；但若不强调时，也可不用倒装。如：Often did we warn him not to do so.我曾常常警告他不要那样做。Often he walked.他过去经常步行。Then did I throw myself into a chair, exhausted.这时我累得一下就坐在椅子上了。Then I went back to my own room.于是我回到自己的房间去。1.考查never置于句首时的倒装当否定副词never置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如：（答案分别为BA）(1) Never in my wildest dreams _ these people are living in such poor conditions.(安徽卷)A. I could imagine B. could I imagine C. I couldnt imagine D. couldnt I imagine(2) Never before_ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today. (上海卷)A. has this city been B. this city has beenC. was this city D. this city was2.考查little置于句首时的倒装当否定副词little置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如：（答案分别为DD）(1) Little _ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. (安徽卷)A. he realized B. he didnt realizeC. didnt he realize D. did he realize(2) They have a good knowledge of English but little _ they know about German (天津卷)A. have B. did C. had D. do3.考查seldom置于句首时的倒装当否定副词seldom置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如：（答案分别为BA）(1) Seldom _ any apology when mistakes are made. A. we receive B. do we receive C. we received D. did we receive(2)Seldom _ an article that was so full of lies.A. have I read B. I have read C. had I read D. I had read4.考查hardly / scarcely置于句首时的倒装当否定副词hardly, scarcely等置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如：（答案为A）Hardly _ Edinburgh than they were ord