新理念5.0英语学习大厅综合教程第三册(Unit8).doc

综合教程部分第八单元：卷A 全新版第二版综合B3U8-A Part I Listening Comprehension ( 16 minutes ) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear ten statements. Numbers 1 to 6 are based on Text A while the rest are based on Text B. Each statement will be read ONLY ONCE. Listen carefully and decide whether each statement is true or false. 1. A) T B) F Script: It was absolutely horrifying for the author when his mother lost her eyesight and most of her ability to walk. 正确答案： A 2. A) T B) F Script: In 2004 and 2005 it was known that Hwang Woo-Suk succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. 正确答案： B 3. A) T B) F Script: Human reproductive cloning is just simply wrong ethically from a medical standpoint and a scientific standpoint. 正确答案： A 4. A) T B) F Script: The majority of reproductive clones in other species are actually normal, without miscarriage rates, stillbirth rates, fetal anomalies, death soon after birth, et cetera. 正确答案： B 5. A) T B) F Script: Therapeutic cloning does involve risk to human life, providing tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in real human beings. 正确答案： B 6. A) T B) F Script: Theres really no effective way for an individual scientist to stop someone else from using the knowledge for something they shouldnt. 正确答案： A 7. A) T B) F Script: Dolly was created in the laboratory from a single cell of “parent”. 正确答案： A 8. A) T B) F Script: California enacted a ban on human cloning, and the Presidents National Bioethics Advisory Commission recommended making the ban nationwide. 正确答案： A 9. A) T B) F Script: The author subscribes to the view that the Constitution necessarily guarantees every individual the right to reproduce through any possible means. 正确答案： B 10. A) T B) F Script: To ban cloning may, in the end, lend support to strikingly similar objections to surrogate motherhood. 正确答案： A Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. To Human Genome Project researchers, cloning refers to copying genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough (11)_ material for further study. Two other types of cloning produce complete, (12)_ identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called (13)_ after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after (14)_ of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos. The resulting (15)_ are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. Dolly, on the other hand, is the result of another type of cloning that produces an animal carrying the DNA of only one parent. Using somatic cell (16)_ transfer, scientists transferred genetic material from the nucleus of an (17)_ sheeps udder cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, had been removed. One goal of this is to develop efficient ways to alter animals genetically and (18)_ . Alterations have included adding genes (such as those for human proteins) to create drug-producing animals as well as inactivating genes to study the effects and possibly create animal models of human diseases. Cloning technology also may be used to raise animals having genetically altered organs suitable for transplanting to humans. The technique used to produce Dolly and other cloned animals is an extension of 40 years of research using DNA from nonhuman embryonic and fetal cells. Before this, scientists believed that once a cell became specialized the change was permanent and (19)_ in the cell became inactive. Dollys creators demonstrated that nuclei of an adult animals specialized cells can be made to revert to a non-specialized, embryonic state, thus (20)_ to give rise to any kind of cell. Script: To Human Genome Project researchers, cloning refers to copying genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called “twinning” after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos. The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. Dolly, on the other hand, is the result of another type of cloning that produces an animal carrying the DNA of only one parent. Using somatic cell nuclear transfer, scientists transferred genetic material from the nucleus of an adult sheeps udder cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, had been removed. One goal of this is to develop efficient ways to alter animals genetically and reproduce them reliably. Alterations have included adding genes (such as those for human proteins) to create drug-producing animals as well as inactivating genes to study the effects and possibly create animal models of human diseases. Cloning technology also may be used to raise animals having genetically altered organs suitable for transplanting to humans. The technique used to produce Dolly and other cloned animals is an extension of 40 years of research using DNA from nonhuman embryonic and fetal cells. Before this, scientists believed that once a cell became specialized the change was permanent and other unneeded genes in the cell became inactive. Dollys creators demonstrated that nuclei of an adult animals specialized cells can be made to revert to a non-specialized, embryonic state, thus restoring the ability to give rise to any kind of cell. 正确答案： identical 正确答案： genetically 正确答案： twinning 正确答案： fertilization 正确答案： organisms 正确答案： nuclear 正确答案： adult 正确答案： reproduce them reliably 正确答案： other unneeded genes 正确答案： restoring the ability Part II Reading Comprehension ( 25 minutes ) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with several blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. I always thought that when our research was successful that I would just be pleased that we had 21 this when others had not. In reality, it is 22 when you look through the microscope, you see what you may have looked like a long time ago, at least in part. When I looked down and saw that cloned 23 , it brought tears to my eyes. I had done this for my mother, and I realized, 24 she only been able to live a few years longer, maybe we could have used this technology to help her. It was 25 to see that potential, which she never had a chance to experience. Theres a big 26 out there that we decided to destroy these embryos for some reason. There was so much 27 about this process because of the scientific 28 from the past that it was critical that there be no doubt that they were clones. In the process of analysis, the embryos were destroyed by 29 . In other words, to get the 30 material from inside the cells to analyze it, you have to destroy the cell. A) ifB) geneticallyC) fraudD) transparent E) emotionF) transcendentG) blastocystH) skepticism I) emotionalJ) skepticalK) misconceptionL) genetic M) hadN) necessityO) accomplished 21._ 正确答案： O 22._ 正确答案： F 23._ 正确答案： G 24._ 正确答案： M 25._ 正确答案： I 26._ 正确答案： K 27._ 正确答案： H 28._ 正确答案： C 29._ 正确答案： N 30._ 正确答案： L Section B Directions: There are several passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice. Passage One Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. With only about 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. Thats a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noahs Ark.” Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&Ms College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, says he salutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. Its a worthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and its very much like what were attempting here at Texas A&M to save animals from extinction.” Noahs Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future. It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years. This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal. The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete. “The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a long time and its difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first ever attempt at cloning a dog. “They are trying to do something thats never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noahs Ark. Were both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and theres a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. Its a research that is very much needed.” 31. The aim of “Noahs Ark” project is to _. A) implant embryo into a host animal B) salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandas C) save endangered animals from extinction D) introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit 正确答案： C 32. How long will the Chinese panda cloning project take according to the passage? A) 1 year. B) 3 to 5 years. C) 2 years. D) 25 years. 正确答案： B 33. The word “groundbreaking” in Para. 7 can be interpreted as _. A) essentially new B) pioneering C) evolutionary D) epoch making 正确答案： B 34. What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to Professor Kraemer? A) Lack of available panda eggs. B) Lack of host animals. C) Lack of qualified researchers. D) Lack of funds. 正确答案： A 35. The best title for the passage may be _. A) China the Native Place of Pandas Forever B) Chinas Efforts to Clone Pandas C) Chinas First Cloned Panda D) Exploring the Possibility of Cloning Pandas 正确答案： B Passage Two Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Depending on whom you ask, the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women, a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning. Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University, Dr. Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patients fertilized egg, scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed. In this more benign environment, development proceeded normally, and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husbands pretty much like any normal baby. What has made some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones, starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning, the inserted nucleus comes from a single, usually adult, cell, and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides, for reasons that arent yet well understood, cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects; Dolly died very young, though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese womans twins were born prematurely and died, critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans. Not likely, says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster,” he admits, “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so, concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001 a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China, where it was subsequently banned. The bottom line, say critics, is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning, even if it were developed for another purpose, is just a bad idea an assertion Zhuang rejects. “I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments,” he says. “But weve developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.” 36. What is implied in the first paragraph? A) Some people regard it as a tragic failure. B) The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people. C) People have different reactions to the new experiment. D) The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning. 正确答案： C 37. The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _. A) both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals B) both of them benefit from the new technique C) both of them are the examples of technical failure D) both of them are the fruits of the new technology 正确答案： A 38. Zhuangs attitude toward the critics conclusion is one of _. A) reserved consent B) strong disapproval C) slight contempt D) enthusiastic support 正确答案： B 39. The only difference existing between nuclear-transfer and cloning technique is _. A) whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile B) whether the offspring looks like the parent C) whether it is used in animals or human beings D) whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell 正确答案： D 40. The text intends to express the idea that _. A) research of cloning has potential risks B) the research of cloning should be stopped totally C) ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction D) researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning 正确答案： C Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 9 minutes ) Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. 41. Doctors who attempt to _ human beings, Billings said, “should be tre