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工程管理专业英语讲稿第一讲 科技英语的特征(P9)科技英语(English for Science and Technology 简称EST)是英语的一种语体,有关自然科学和社会科学的学术著作、论文、研究报告、专利产品的说明等均属于此类。科技英语注重科学性、逻辑性、正确性与严密性,在词汇、语法、修饰方面科技英语具有自己的特色。因此,我们从事科技英语翻译是必须了解科技英语的语言结构特色,以便于我们有意识地选择恰当的翻译方法与技巧来处理科技英语文章。科技英语的语言结构特点主要有以下几点:1.习惯使用复合词与缩略词例如:miniultrasonicprobe = mini + ultra + sonic + probe (微型超声波金属探测仪)CAD = computer + aided + design (计算机辅助设计)2.大量使用名词化结构例如:If, after a body is deformed by some force, it returns to its original shape or size after removal of the force, the material is said to be elastic.如果某一物体在力的作用下产生变形,去除作用力之后,又能恢复原来的形状和大小,那么这物体就称为弹性物体。The compression of the soil under the applied stresses would force some water out of the voids.施加压力压缩土壤会使一些水从孔隙中排出。3.频繁使用非限定动词例如:The moment-curvature relationship chosen is assumed to have a horizontal branch beyond yield, with the moment remaining constant at the ultimate value.所选用的弯矩-曲率关系是假定超过屈服后有一个水平段,即弯矩保持在其极限值不变。4.广泛使用被动语态例如:Structure connections between steel members are often made by arc-welding techniques.钢构件间的连接常用弧焊技术来实现。The structure failure of the foundation may occur if the foundation itself is not properly designed to sustain the imposed stresses.如果基础本身未能正确设计以承受荷载所产生的应力,基础就可能产生结构破坏。5.经常使用后置定语例如:The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。The allowable stress level to which the actual stress levels are compared are based on empirical findings for the material involved.对所使用的材料而言,与实际应力比较的容许应力是以实验研究结果为基础的。6.经常出现长难句例如:The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibration but later to the definite conclusion that there is no luminous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypotheses.为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性的介质。这种尝试的结果,最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向震动的介质的具体事例,但后来却使人们得出了这样一个结论:并不存在任何具有上述假定所认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。- 34 -第二讲 词义的确定(P17)准确把握词义是理解和翻译科技英语文章的前提和基础。英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是说同一个词在同一词类中往往有几个不同的词义。因此,在英汉翻译的过程中,词义的确定就至关重要。一般地说,确定词义从下面几方面着手。1.根据词的基本意义进行具体化的引申具体化的引申是把英语原文中意义概括、笼统、抽象的,在词典上找不到合适汉语词义的词,根据汉语的表达习惯,引申为意义明确的、具体的词。例如:Few types of rock are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete.很少有岩石坚硬到爆破后不用砖石或混凝土进行衬砌就可直接形成隧道壁。(remain 原意为:“保持,残留”,这里引申为“直接形成隧道壁”)Where a railway crosses a navigable waterway, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在铁路经过通航河道的地方,必须把桥梁修成开启式的,以便江河和运河里的船只通过。(traffic 原意为交通、运输,这里引申为“船只” )2.根据词的基本意义进行抽象化的引申英语中常常用表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一种概念。英译汉时可将其引申为概括的、抽象的词。例如:Because of the circuitous and directional flow of water-ways, railways often have an energy advantage over barges.由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性,因而铁路运输较之水运,常常具有节能优势。3.根据词的基本意义进行词类转换A force is needed to move an object against inertia.使物体克服惯性而运动,就需要一个力。(介词转换为动词)Both of the substances are soluble in water.两种物质都能溶于水。(形容词转换为动词)The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.设计的目的在于自动操作,调节方便,维护简易,生产率高。(动词转化为名词)If a body is acted on by a number of forces and still remains stationary, the body is said to be in equilibrium.如果一个物体受到数个力的作用而仍保持静止状态,我们说该物体处于平衡状态。(形容词转换为名词)Most structural materials are not only elastic but, within limits, linearly elastic: their deformation is proportional to the load.大多数结构材料不仅有弹性,而且在一定限度内具有线性弹性:也就是说,其变形与负载成正比。(形容词转换为名词)Such materials are chiefly characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料主要的特点是:绝缘性好,耐磨性强。(副词转换为形容词)Below 4, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4度以下就不断地膨胀,而不是不断地收缩。(形容词转换为副词)另外,在英译汉的过程中,有时还须采用句子成分转化的方法。比如在to have a length of;to have a height of;to have a density of这些科技英语的常用结构中,往往将“长度”、“高度”、“密度”等作为主语来翻译。例如:These steel rods have an average length of 150 cm.这些钢棒的平均长度为150公分。第三讲 词汇的增加与省略(P26)由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、词类及修辞手段两方面存在巨大的差异,在实际翻译过程中我们很难做到词汇和结构上的完全对应。因此,为了准确地传达出原文的信息,在翻译的过程中往往需要对译文进行一些词汇的增加和省略。翻译中增加或省略词汇一般用于下列一些情况。1.增加词汇的情况Matter consists of molecules and molecules of atoms. ( = and molecules consists of atoms ) 物质是由分子构成的,而分子是由原子构成的。(增加英语省略的动词)The accuracy of the location depends on the distance from and the direction of the shore station.( = the distance from the shore stations )定位的精度取决于离海岸电台的距离和海岸电台的方向。(增加英语省略的名词)White or shining surface reflects heat; dark surface absorb it.白色或发亮的表面反射热,而黑色的表面吸收热。(增加连接词)Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.请注意,“速度”和“速率”这两个词 需要解释。(增加英语的复数概念)This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.这种在特低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。(在抽象名词后增加词汇以表达原文的抽象概念)注意,这些抽象名词大多是由动词或形容词派生出来的。例如:to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态There are two types of road-bed-cut and fill. It should be firm, well drained and of adequate dimensions.路基有路堑和路堤两种类型。路基应坚固,排水性好并有足够的面积和厚度。(从语言的逻辑和修辞方面增加词汇)Any poorly drained highway will heave in the spring time, under alternate freezing and thawing.任何排水不良的公路春季在冻、融的交替作用下都会变得起伏不平。(从语言的逻辑和修辞方面增加词汇)The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the nature of the inside walls.水管对通过的水流产生的阻力取决于下列三个因素;管长、管道直径、管道内壁的性状。(增加概括总结性词汇)2.省略词汇的情况Looking at the lift formula, you can see that lift and drag vary directly with the density.只要看看升力公式,就可了解升力和阻力与空气密度成正比。(省略代词)The basic functional requirement of a residential building is the provision of discrete dwelling units for groups of individuals.住宅建筑的基本功能要求是为居住群体及成员提供分割的居住单元。(省略冠词)注意,当不定冠词 a 或 an 表示“同一”、“一”、定冠词 the 表示“这、那”时,不宜省略。例如:The approach will avoid errors arising from assuming that ultimate moments of resistance exist simultaneously at all the critical sections.该方法还将避免由于假定极限抵抗弯矩同时存在于所有临界截面而引起的误差。The difference in height measured in inches between the top of the concrete and the top of the slump cone is called the slump.以英寸为单位测量的混凝土顶面与坍落度锥筒顶面的高差称为坍落度。(省略介词)Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩。(省略连词)When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低,沸点就低。(省略动词)It is commonly assumed that equal size bolts share equally in transferring the force.一般假设在传力中相同尺寸的螺栓分担相同的力。(省略非人称代词“it”)第四讲 否定句的翻译(P36)任何一种语言都有其独特的否定方式。在表达否定概念时,英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语有很大不同。翻译英语的否定句式,必须首先了解掌握英语否定句的结构及其表达的意义,然后根据汉语的习惯与逻辑进行翻译。下面我们谈谈英语否定句的结构形式及其翻译中常采用的方法。1.全部否定全部否定指否定整个句子的全部意思,一般采用 no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere 等否定词。例如:None of these devices is good in quality.这些设备的质量都不好。2.部分否定英语中 all, both, every, everybody, everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, often, wholly 等总括词与 not 搭配在一起,表示部分否定,译成汉语通常为“不都是”、“未必都”、“不总是”等。例如;The velocity of a viscous fluid flowing through a tube is not the same at all points of a cross section.流过管子的粘滞流体的速度,在横截面的各点处并非都是相同的。3.双重否定英语的双重否定是指一个句子里除了谓语用否定式外,其他句子成份也含有否定词或含有否定词意的词。英语的双重否定句一般可译为双重否定句,也可译为肯定句。例如:Few businesses can survive without a knowledge of costs and without an intelligent control of costs.任何一个企业必须了解费用并对费用进行明智的控制才能生存下去。There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.没有哪一种材料在力的作用下不或多或少地变形的。4.形式否定英语中有的否定词与其他词连用形成一种固定结构,其形式上是否定的,但语义上表示对事物的否定达到极端程度,实际上是肯定的意思。常见的有“nothing like ”,“cannottoo”以及其变化形式。例如:Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.它的意义和重要性,不管怎样强调也不过分。5.转移否定转移否定指的是主句中的(或主句前面的)否定在汉译时转移到了从句中(或句子后面)。这种情况在翻译时应特别注意。例如:It does not appear that this value satisfies the equation.似乎这个值不能满足该方程。The Maxwell relations are not modified by relativity as Newtons relations are when particle velocities approach the speed of light.等质点速度趋于光速时,麦克斯韦尔关系式并不像牛顿关系式那样要用相对论来加以修正。6.含蓄否定含蓄否定指英语中有些词、词组或结构形式上是肯定的,但意义却是否定的。在英译汉的过程中,需要把否定的意义翻译出来。英语的含蓄否定有下列几种情况。(1)动词或动词短语表达的否定意义常见的表达否定意义的动词或动词短语有:fail(to do) 不能,没有(做),lack 缺乏,不足,deny 拒绝,否认,ignore 忽略,不管,neglect 忽视,没注意, refuse 拒绝,exclude 排除,不包括,miss 错过,没有,hate 不喜欢,讨厌, protectfrom保护免受,keep/preventfrom 使不受This assumption neglects the curvature of the stress-strain curve near the yield point.这个假定忽视了屈服点附近应力应变曲线的弯曲现象。Good lubrication keeps the bearing from being damaged.润滑良好使轴承不受损坏。(2)名词表达的否定意义常见的表达否定意义的名词有:absence (缺少,缺席,没有),failure (失败),neglect (忽略),loss (丢失),ignorance(无知、不睬),exclusion(除外,不顾)等。The absence of air explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in space, as they do from the earth.因为没有空气,所以星星在太空中不像从地球上看它们时那样闪闪发光。(3)形容词或形容词短语表达的否定意义常见的表达否定意义的形容词短语有:free from (免于,没有),far from(远非,一点也不),ignorant of (不知道),short of(缺少),foreign to (无关,不相关),void of (没有,缺乏),strange to (不熟悉),alien to (与不相容),the last (最不)等。In many cases it is far from obvious what constitutes the full extent of the structure to be considered.许多情况下所考虑的全部结构范围并不明显。(4)介词或介词短语表达否定意义常见的表达否定意义的介词或介词短语有:beyond (超出),above (超出),out of (没有),instead of (而不)等。The Theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is now above many peoples comprehension.爱因斯坦提出的“相对论”,现在还有不少人理解不了。(5)连词或某些短语表达否定意义常见的有:before (然后才,尚未),tooto do(太不),rather than (而不),would rather/soonerthan(宁愿而不愿),morethan(不是而是),more thancan (太不能),know better than to do(还不至于)等。If the area of steel provided is too small to carry this added force, the steel will snap.如果配置的钢筋面积太小而不能承担这部分增加的力,钢筋就会被拉断。The values of most things must be converted from decimal to binary before computations can begin.在没有开始计算之前,必须把大多数参数的值从十进制转换成二进制。第五讲 数词句型及翻译(P47/55)数词句型及翻译(1)在科技英语的文章中经常出现含有数词的句子。由于英汉两种语言的差异,我们要特别注意这类句子。下面分类介绍这类句型。1.分数的表达及译法在英语中,一般用基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母,除了分母是1的情况外,序数词都要用复数。当分母是2和4时分别用half和quarter。有时分数还可用“分子+over+分母”表示。例如:one third:三分之一 three fifths:五分之三 a/one half:二分之一 three quarters:四分之三two and three sevenths:二又七分之三 two over three:三分之二另外,英语中tenths, hundredths, thousandths, millionths 可分别表示零点(0.),零点零(0.0),零点零零(0.00),零点零零零(0.000)。例如:one tenth of gram 译作:零点一克,或0.1克a few hundredths of a gram译作:零点零几克several thousandths of a gram 译作:零点零零几克2.倍数增加的表达与翻译英语的“times”一词,如果用在表示倍数增加的句型中,任何情况下,其含义都是一样的,就是表示“乘”的关系。英语中表示倍数增加的常见句型如下:(1)N times + 名词词组N times +asasN times + 动词+er than动词+er thanby N times以上结构表达的概念一样,据可译成:是的N倍,或比多N-1倍。Aluminum has nearly 5 times the thermal conductivity of cast iron.铝的导热率几乎是铸铁的5倍。This common high-alumina cement costs roughly three times as much as Portland.这种普通的高铝水泥价格大致为硅酸盐水泥的三倍。Line AB is fifths times longer than Line CD.线AB比线CD长四倍。Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times.水银比水约重13倍。(2) + double (treble/triple, quadruple)+ (自己和自己比)Double原意是“两倍、双倍”,可译成:增加一倍,翻一番或是的两倍;treble/triple原意是“三倍”,可译成:增加两倍或是的三倍;quadruple原意是“四倍”,可译成:增加三倍或翻两番。This country has doubled her annual output of steel in the past years.这个国家在过去十年中钢产量翻了一番。The citys industrial production in 1998 trebled that of 1978.1998年该市的工业生产是1978年的三倍。The growth rate of GNP per capita for China will be quadrupled by the year 2000.到2000年,中国人均国民生产总值增长率将翻两番。(3)动词 increase 等 + (to)N times/fold (自己和自己比)动词 increase 等 + by N times动词 increase 等 + by a factor of N以上句型“times”含义都是一样的,都是表示“乘”的关系,即表示增加到什么程度,一般包括底数在内。可译成:增加到N倍或增加了N-1倍。By comparison with 1997, the foreign trade turnover of that country in 1998 increased (to) 2.5 times.和1997年相比,这个国家1998年的外贸总额增加了1.5倍。Total industrial output value increased more than fourfold in comparison with 1976.工业生产总值比1976年增加了三倍多。A temperature rise 100 increased the conductivity of a semiconductor by 50 times.温度升高100,半导体的导电率就增加到50倍。In this case, its gain will be increased by a factor of 5.在这种情况下,其增益将提高4倍。(4)as much (many)again as 译成:是的两倍或比多一倍half as much (many)again as 译成:是的一倍半或比多一半Wheel A turns half as fast again as Wheel B.A轮转动速度比B轮快一半。数词句型及翻译(2)在科技英语中,倍数的减少、分数百分数的增减的表达与汉语表达不尽相同,因此翻译时应特别注意。1.倍数减少的表达与翻译英语“times”一词可用来表示倍数的减少,但需要注意的是,英语可以说“小/少几倍”,而汉语不习惯这么说,所以翻译时只能用分数来表示。常见的句型如下:(1)A is N times smaller than B.A is N times as small as B.A is smaller than B by N times.这三种表达方式的含义是相同的,译成汉语应为“A是B的N分之一”或“A比B小N分之N-1”。This bridge is 3 times shorter than that one.这座桥的长度是那座桥的三分之一。或:这座桥比那座桥短三分之二。The steel beam is shorter than that one by 4 times.这根钢梁比那根短十分之三。The power output of the machine is twice less than its input.该机器的输出功率比输入功率小二分之一。(2)动词 reduce 等 + (to)N times动词 reduce 等 + by N times动词 reduce 等 + by a factor of N动词 reduce 等 + N times + as much (many) as这四种表达方式的含义是相同的,译成汉语应为“减少到N分之一”或“减少了N分之N-1”。The flank walls would be subject to roughly the same wind moments as the cross-walls, and the tensile wind stresses reduced by a factor of more than four.侧墙承担的风载弯矩与横墙承担的大致相等,风载引起的拉应力将减少四分之三或更多。According to the Department of Health, mortality rates from heart disease decreased three times from the 1960s to the 1990s.根据卫生部的报告,心脏病的死亡率从60年代至90年代下降了三分之二。2.分数和百分数增减的表达及译法(1)动词increase, reduce 等 + (by)分数/百分数本句型后面的数词为净增加(减少)数,可直接译成“增加(减少)几分之几”。Use of gross area for riveted design indirectly increases the design stress in riveted girders by as much as 15%.铆接设计使用毛面积间接地使铆接梁中的设计应力增大百分之十五。The introduction of new equipment in this factory has reduced the cost of production (by) one third.由于引进了新设备,这家工厂的生产成本降低了三分之一。(2)be + 分数/百分数 + adj.(er) thanbe + 分数/百分数 + over/up on / above本句型后面的数词为净增加(减少)数,可直接译成“增加(减少)几分之几”。The output value of agricultural output for this year was 8 percent higher than that for last year.今年农业总产值比去年增加8%。The output value of chemical fertilizer in the first quarter was 18 percent above that of the same period in 1998.第一季度化肥总产值比1998年同期增长了18%。The output of strip steel in the factory last year was 24 percent less than in 1999.去年这个工厂带钢产量比1999年下降了24%。(3)动词 increase, reduce 等 + (from)to + 分数/百分数 本句型后面的数词已包括底数,可直接译成“增加(减少)到几分之几”。According to a new census report, from 1958 to 1992, womens share of management jobs increased from 3 percent to 32 percent.根据一份新的调查报告,从1958年到1992年从事领导管理工作的妇女由3%上升到32%。By using this new process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,使金属损耗率降为20%。第六讲 被动语态(P64)英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛,尤其以科技英语为甚。同一个意思,汉语用主动语态,而英语习惯用被动。因此,英译汉时,必须注意被动语态的译法,不要过分拘泥于原文的被动结构,而要根据汉语的习惯进行灵活的处理。1.将被动语态译成汉语的主动句(1)原主语不变Rods, bars, angles, and T sections are rarely used as beam because of their inherent weakness insisting bending.棒材、条材、角钢及T型截面很少用作梁,因为它们在抗弯方面尤其固有的弱点。(2)把原介词宾语译成主语An inadequately reinforced concrete pile may be broken by excessive lateral loads.过量的侧向荷载可能会破坏一根配筋不足的钢筋混凝土桩。(3)增加适当的主语Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.(= It is known that salt has a very strong corroding effect on metals.人们知道,盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。注:类似地还有,it is noticed that、it is observed that等句型。2.将被动语态译成汉语的无主语Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding.用机械加工方法,特别是磨削方法,可以获得最佳表面光洁度。(该句无主语)At intervals along the main span, cast-steel cable bands are attached to the cables, gripping them firmly.沿着主桥跨,每隔一段距离,就在钢缆上加上铸钢缆箍,紧紧地夹住钢缆。(该句无主语)另外,在科技英语中常出现一些动词短语,如 make use of, make mention of, pay attention of, take care of, take notice of 等。当变成被动语态时,短语中的名词充当主语,这样一类的被动语态也往往译成汉语无主句。例如:In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture, extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations.几乎在土木工程和建筑的每一个领域中,都广泛使用钢筋混凝土结构及基础。Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.当混凝土暴露于如除冰剂等盐类化学物质时,必须采取特殊的防范措施。注:这样的句子往往翻译成无主句。3.将被动语态译成汉语的判断句汉语的判断句“是的”结构往往可以用来翻译英语的被动语态。例如:The ultimate strength of the diagonal section is closely related with the mode of failure.斜截面的极限强度是与破坏模式密切相关的。In this structure the loads applied to the roof and the weight of the roof are transmitted in two directions to the columns by plate action.在这种结构中,屋面上的荷载及自重是通过平面作用沿两个方向传给柱子的。Here structural connections between steel members are made by arc-welding techniques.这里钢构件间的结构连接是通过弧焊技术实现的。注:判断句往往使用在经过大量陈述、推导、计算后的结论性的陈述句中。4.将被动语态译成汉语的被动句(1)用“被”或“给”翻译英语的被动语态It is well known that the things formed when element combines with oxygen is called oxide.众所周知,元素和氧化合时生成的物质被称为氧化物。This materials, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, highways, dams, canals and innumerable other structures.这种材料就叫做钢筋混凝土,被广泛应用于基础、框架结构、公路、大坝、渡槽及无数的其他结构中。(2)用“遭”、“受”翻译英语的被动语态The cost of a project is influenced by the requirements of the design and the specifications.工程造价要受到设计和技术要求的影响。Objects at rest remain at rest unless they are acted on by some external force.如果没有受到外力作用,静止的物体就保持静止状态。(3)用“为所”翻译英语的被动语态As soon as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory.一旦所有的事实为人们所发现,理论即可形成。Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide of complex structure.这些单个构件的性能一旦为人们所理解,设计师就拥有了对大量复杂结构进行分析和设计的基础。第七讲 定语从句(P73/81/91)定语从句(1)定语从句属于英语后置定语中的一种,汉语则没有定语从句这一语法现象。因此翻译时要避免译文受到原文结构的束缚而影响了汉语表达的流畅。英语的定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系密切,不用逗号分开。翻译这类定语从句往往采用合并、分译、混合等方法。非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限定作用,只对它加以描写、叙述或解释。非限定性定语从句的翻译方法与限制性定语从句的译法相似,但分译法使用的更多一些。1.对于句式较短、结构简单的定语从句可用合并法,即用“的”结构译出,从而将英语复合句译成汉语简单句。Road-bed is the subgrade on which are laid the ballast, ties and rails.路基就是上面铺着道渣、轨枕和钢轨的底基。A stress is therefore set up between the two surfaces which may cause the glass to break.因而,在两个表面之间产生了一个使玻璃破碎的应力。The ultimate tensile strength of a material is the load per unit cross-section which can be borne by the material in tension without breaking.材料的最大抗拉强度是指在没有破裂的情况下,每一单位横截面所能承受的最大负荷。2.对于非限制性定语从句以及较长而复杂的限制性定语从句可采用分译法,即将主句译成独立的分句,然后重复关系代词所代替的名词作为第二个分句的主语,有时还可在该名词前加上“该”、“它(们)”、“这(种)”等。The failure mode of the ove

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