reading strategy 阅读策略ppt课件.ppt

ReadingStrategy ReadingStrategy Contents 1 BackgroundInformation 2 FourReadingModels 3 ThreeKindsofReadingStrategies 4 ReadingProcess Pritchard 1990 definesastrategyasadeliberateactionthatreaderstakevoluntarilytodevelopanunderstandingofwhattheyread Kellerman 1983 definesastrategyasa wellorganizedapproachtoaproblem Olshavsky 1977 claimsthatastrategyisapurposefulmeansofcomprehendingtheauthor smessage 1 1Whatisreadingstrategy 1 2Theimportanceofusingstrategy Ifareaderknowshow whenandwheretouseanappropriatestrategy thiswouldhelphimtoimprovereadingcomprehension Strategiesaidreaderstoprocessthetextactively tomonitortheircomprehensionandtoconnectwhattheyarereadingtotheirownknowledgeandtootherpartsofthetext 2 FourReadingModels Thereadingmodelhasgonethroughthreestages Bottom upreadingmodelTop downreadingmodel Interactivereadingmodel interactionofbottom upreadingmodelandtop downreadingmodel Theschematheory 2 1Thebottom upprocessing Bottom upmodelmeansthatthereaderconstructsthetextfromsmallestunit lettertowordstophrasestosentence etc andthattheprocessofconstructingthetextfromthosesmallunitsbecomessoautomaticthatreadersarenotawareofhowifoperates Eskey 1988 Thiscanhappenifourworldknowledgeisinadequate orifthewriter spointofviewisverydifferentfromourown Inthatcase wemustscrutinizethevocabularyandsyntaxtomakesurewehavegraspedtheplainsensecorrectly Thusbottom upprocessingcanbeusedasacorrectiveto tunnelvision seeingthingsonlyfromourownlimitedpointofview 2 2Thetop downprocessing Thetop downmodelisthatreadersbringagreatdealofknowledge expectations assumptionsandquestionstothetextand giveabasicunderstandingofthevocabulary theycontinuetoreadaslongasthetextconfirmstheirexpectations Goodman 1967 Wemakeconscioususeofitwhenwetrytoseetheoverallpurposeofthetext orgetaroughideaofthepatternofthewriter sargument inordertomakeareasonedguessatthenextstep basedontheschemawehaveacquired Wemightcomparethisapproachtoaneagle seye 2 3Theinteractionofbottom upandtop downprocessing Theformerneglectsthefactthatreadingisanactivecomprehensiveprocess whilethelaterneglectsthefastandexactrecognitionofthelowerlevelinformationsuchasletters vocabulary grammarforms Readermayshiftfromonefocustoanother adoptingatop downapproachtopredicttheprobablemeaning thenmovingfromthebottom upapproachtocheckwhetherthatisreallywhatthewritersays Itisknownasinteractivereading 2 4Theschematheory Schematheoryisoneofthemostimportanttheoriesinthestudyofreadingcomprehension Accordingtoschematheory allknowledgeispackagedintounits Theseunitsareschemata Schematheoryalsoholdstheviewthatcomprehendingatextisaninteractiveprocessbetweenthereader sbackgroundknowledgeandthetext Efficientreadingrequirestheabilitytorelatethetextualmaterialtoone sownknowledge Thereader sschemataassisthimtomakeassumptionsaboutthemeaningoftheincomingtext Meanwhile thereadermakesconfirmations rejectionsandmediationswithmoreinformationcomingoutfromthetext 3 Threekindsofreadingstrategies DirectStrategies Memory memory Cognitive compensation IndirectStrategies Metacognitive Affective Affective Social 4 1Before readingStrategies 1 DecidingthereadingpurposeGenerallyspeaking therearemainlythreereadingpurposes Forpleasure ignorethemostsignificantlearningprocess thinking Forinformation thecontentisoftheutmostimportancewhiledifficultlanguagepointsaredeliberatelyavoidedForlanguage morelikelytoobstructedbytrifleachievement 2 SelectingreadingmaterialReadersshouldselectsuitablematerialssothattheydonothaverelyondictionaryexcessively Ifthereadersusedictionarytoofrequently thereadingconsistencywillbebrokenup Generallyspeaking ifthenewwordsaccountforlessthan5 ofthetotal theunderstandingwillnotbecompromised 3 MakereadingplansYoushouldworkoutadetailedplanbeforereading Itincludesthetimetheyspendreadingeverydayandthechoiceofpropermaterialsforintensiveandextensivereading Besidestheyshouldconsideraboutreadingstrategiesandthenpredictingreadingresults 4 2Duringreadingstrategies Duringreadingstrategiesrefertothetechniquesandmethodsappliedbyreadersduringthereadingprocess whichplayanirreplaceableroleinreading 1 PredictionPredictingfromthetitleandtopicsentencePredictingwithbackgroundknowledgePredictingfromsinglewordsPredictingfrompriorplot 2 Skimming itreferstoreadingquicklytograspthemainideaorthethemeofthepassage Readerscanquicklyidentifythegenreandthemostimportantinformationwiththehelpofstrategies suchashighlightingmainsentences emphasizingkeywordsandphrases andskippingoverminorinformationanddetails 3 Scanning itisastrategywhichreaderapplytolocatesomespecificinformationquickly Scanningrequiresreaderstofindanswerswithquestionintheirmind 4 Keywordreading itonlyfocusesonthecentralpartofsentencesandsomeclosely relatedadjectivesandadverbs Itisusuallyusetograspmainideasanddetailsofapassage Thereadingspeedcantremendouslyimprovedinthisway buttheaccuracyofunderstandingisalsoreduced rangingfrom50 to70 5 SensegroupreadingReadingbysensegroupmeansthatreadersreadthewholepassageaccordingtotheconstitutedmeaningphrases Readingbysensegroupsnotonlyimprovesreadingspeedandefficiency butalsodeepenstheunderstandingofreadingmaterial 6 Makingnotes Duringreadingprocess readersshouldwritedownsomeimportantinformationtoenhancetheunderstandingofthewholepassageanddetails Goodreadingnotesshouldbeshort exact selectiveandsystematic clarifythewritingpurposeandthewayinformationisorganized 7 Understandingthemaincontent inreading readersnotonlypassivelyreceivenewknowledge butalsothinkdeeplyandcritically Itincludes SummarizingthemainideaIndentifyingreferencesDistinguishinggeneralizationsfromspecificsInferring 8 GuessingwordmeaningGuessingbydefinitionGuessingbysynonymandantonym 同义词 反义词 Guessingbyexam