chapter 8非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词非谓语动词：1) Infinitive to do2) Participledoing / doneadj.3) Gerund doingn.一、不定式和动名词做主语1不定时做主语的句型It takes sb. Money / time to do sth.It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.e.g.It is our duty to help them.It will take you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for you to answer the questions. To answer the questions is easy for you.It is kind of you to help us. You are kind to help us.2动名词做主语的句型It is no use / no good / no point / a waste of time / a bore + doing sth.It is useless / pointless / good / interesting / worthwhile / expensive + doing sth.e.g.It is no use crying.It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to accept the idea.There is no saying what may happen.说出将会发生什么事是不可能的。3不定式和动名词做主语的区别1) 动名词做主语表示抽象的动作，而不定式做主语表示具体动作。e.g.Smoking is prohibited here.It is not very good for you to smoke so much.2) 动名词做主语表示一件已经发生的事或经验，而不定式则表示未完成的事或者目的e.g.Climbing mountains is interesting.To study abroad has long been my dream.不定式与动名词的区别在此已阐述，做表语，宾语等其他成分是，它们的区别也是如此。二、不定式、动名词和分词做表语1不定式与动名词做表语1）不定式作表语时，主语通常是一个名词、不定式短语或者从句，不定式表达具体动作，特别是表示将来的或没有完成的动作。e.g.Your present task is to learn English well.To see is to believe.2)）动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性动作，主语一般为名词、或动名词。e.g. Our work is serving the people.His hobby is collecting stamps.Seeing is believing.Attention:动名词作表语与动词的进行时态形式相同，但主谓间的逻辑关系不同。e.g.His hobby is collecting stamps.He is collecting stamps.2分词做表语并非所有的动词的分词形式都可以做表语，只有表示心理状态的“使意”动词由此用法。E.g. interest, excite, disappoint, tire, exhaust, convince, please, annoy, irritate, confuse, puzzle, bewilder, baffle, delight, satisfy, encourage, worry, etc.一般来说，这些动词的现在分词形式用来修饰物，而过去分词形式用来修饰人。但具体的用法要看上下文的理解。e.g.Im interested in the interesting story.We all love the child, for he is pleasing.Through his annoyed face, we know he was really irritated.三、不定式与动名词作宾语1不定式作宾语1）有些动词只能用不定式作宾语Afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, determine, decline, desire, endeavor, expect, guarantee, happen, hope, learn, long, love, mange, offer, plan, pledge, promise, prepare, want, refuse, venture, intend, demand, volunteer, help, wish, etc.e.g.I demand to know the truth.I happened to be out when he called.He offered to go with us.2）在复合宾语中，一般用it来做形式宾语，真正的宾语放在句尾可以这样使用的形容词有：Necessary, possible, impossible, difficult, easy, natural, hard, etc.可以这样使用的动词有：Consider, make, judge, think, find, regard, etc.e.g.I found it difficult to pass the exam held by the professor.They consider it impossible to climb over such a stiff precipice.3）在有些动词后面，可以用“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语，这样的动词有：Know, ask, wonder, explain, learn, study, find out, etc.e.g.He knew where to find the treasure.We learn how to manufacture this sort of machinery.2动名词作宾语1）动名词可以作某些动词的宾语admit, acknowledge, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, avoid, complete, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, suggest, quit, recall, recollect, resist, risk, endure, cant help + doinge.g.By taking the back way, we escaped being seen.She admitted having stolen my money.Would you consider going north this summer? I appreciated your sending me such a gift.2）“动介型”的动词短语，后面都要接动名词作宾语give up, succeed in, aim at, put off, insist on, be good at, depend on, do well in, leave off停止,be tired of, be capable of, be fond of, etc.e.g.I warned him against driving so fast.但是，to既可以是不定式中的小品词，又可以是介词，如果是介词，后面要接动名词。Be used to, be accustomed to, be adapted to, be adjusted to, devote to, contribute to, stick to, respond to, object to, look forward to, see to, apply to, prefer doing to doing, etc.e.g.I prefer swimming to playing football.Tom objected to being treated like a child.3）有些动词后面既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式，但表达的意思不同。(可以根据动名词与不定式的区别来理解)Go on to do go on doingChance to do碰巧干chance doing冒险试一试Forget to doforget doingRemember to doremember doingStop to dostop doingRegret to doregret doingTry to do try doingMean to domean doingNeed / require / want / deserve to do 被动 Doing主动表被动like / love / hate / prefer to do具体行为doing抽象，一般性动作e.g.This kind of disease means your going to hospital.I regret telling him what I thought.She forgot my telling her about it.四、不定式和分词做定语1不定式做定语1）当与不定式连用的动词转化为名词时，其定语也要用不定式如agreement, attempt, decision, desire, determination, failure, plan, intention, promise, refusal, threat, tendency, etc.e.g.His wish to buy a car came true.Their decision to give the experiment surprised us.2）当与不定式连用的形容词转化为名词时，其定语也要用不定式如ability, ambition, anxiety, aptitude, patience, impatience, reluctance, willingness, unwillingness, eagerness, curiosity, etc.e.g.She was obviously eager to learn dancing Her eagerness to learn dancing is obvious.She was burning with curiosity to know the end of the story.3）某些抽象名词，如chance, effort, opportunity, chance, place, reason, right, time, way等，其定语也用不定式e.g.the right to speak,the time to go to bed,the reason to fire himthe way to get to the station4）不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等，定语也用不定式。e.g.I have something to tell you.He has everything to lose and nothing to gain.5）由only, last, next, 序数词，形容次最高级修饰的名次后面也常用不定式做定语e.g.He is always the last one to leave the classroom.I dont think he is the best man to do the job.6）不定式常用来修饰have, get, give, look for, find等表示“得到”、“具有”等意义的动词的宾语。e.g.Jack has large family to support.He has found a room to live in.7）不定式常常修饰there be结构的主语e.g.There are many difficulties to overcomeThere is a big task to complete.8）不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上恰当的借此，与被修饰的名词形成逻辑的动宾关系e.g.I need a pen to write with.2分词做定语1）现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表达被动意义2）现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成e.g.he rushed into the burning house.The child standing over there is my brother.The advanced teacher 3不定式和分词做定语的时间关系不定式表示动作发生在谓语动作之后，而现在分词表示的动词与谓语动词所发生的时间相同，但过去动词所表示的时间则在谓语动词发生之前。e.g.Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?Do you want to see the retired doctor?五、不定式和分词做状语总的来说，非谓语做状语时，不定式表达目的或结果状语，而分词表示出目的与结果之外的其他状语1不定式做状语e.g.We human eat to live, not live to eat. 目的The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.目的表示目的时，我们常用in order to, so as to 来突出目的性。表示结果时，常用下列词组：so as to, such as to, enough to, too to, not / never too to, but / only toe.g.the child is old enough to dress himself.I cant praise the play too highly.One can never be too careful in ones work.I went to the station, only to find the train had already left.2分词做状语e.g.Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stoop up.时间，原因Being excited, I couldnt go to sleep.原因The children went away laughing.伴随Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.让步Heated, ice will be changed into water.条件，时间3分词做状语与主语的关系1）现在分词做状语，现在分词的动词就是句子主语的动作，它们之间是主谓关系。2）过去分词做状语时，其动作时句子主语所要承受的动作，它们之间是动宾关系。3）分词做状语可以与连词连用，如when, while, once, if, unless, thought，一般情况下为了简洁而省略。While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.Once completed, this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.4）分词做状语一般不表示结果和目的，但不定式做状语，除了目的与结果之外，在特定的局势中也可以表示原因。The boy is not tall enough to each the bookshelf.结果We are glad to hear the news.原因六、不定式与分词做补语1不定式作补语1）宾语的补足语不定式作宾语的补足语，通常在宾语的后面，补充说明前面的主谓宾结构中不完善的地方。a) 能够用动词不定式补语的有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, find, force, inform, invite, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, instruct, help, lead, wish, warn, teach, request, require, prefer, prepare, etc.e.g.Computers enable us to solve the math problems very quickly.We should prefer them to come next week.b) 不定式可以做感官动词，使役动词等动词的宾语补足语。但是，在主动语态中，小品词to要省略，而在被动句中，to则要再加上。感官动词：see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, perceive, smell, etc.使役动词：let, have, make其他相关词组：look at, listen to, would rather, would you please, had better, rather than, etc.e.g.We saw him go out two hours ago.He was seen to go out two hours ago.c) 动词teach, tell, show等后面也通常用”wh-word + to do sth.”作补语。e.g.the teacher teaches us how to remember the words quickly.Mother told me how to buy some dresses for myself.d) 动词believe, know, think, prove, consider等后面通常接”宾语 + to be + 形容词”，但to be一般省略掉。e.g.I believe him (to be) innocent.I consider it (to be) ridiculous.2）主语补足语当主语部分含有动词do的一定形式时，作主语补语的不定式可以省略to，也可以保留to。e.g.All he did was (to)make others work.The thing to do is (to) clear the road.2分词做补语1）分词做宾语补足语a) 现在分词做宾语补足语可以跟在以下动词后面感官动词：see, hear, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, etc.使役动词：get, have, keep, set, send, leave, etc.e.g.His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose.We had to keep the machine working all day and night to finish the work.b) 过去分词可以跟在以下动词后面做宾语补足语see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order, etc.e.g.His always leaves a lot of things undone.We saw him stolen on the bus.c) 有些动词的后面既可以用不定式，也可以用分词来做宾语补足语，但意义有所不同。现在分词强调动作地进行性，而不定式强调动作的全过程。E.g.,I saw an old man crossing the road.I saw an old man cross the road.2）现在分词和过去分词做主语补足语多出现在被动句中e.g.The old man was seen crossing the road.A lot of things are left undone.七、非谓语动词常考的其他结构1疑问句+不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when , where, how等后面可以加不定式构成特殊的不定式短语e.g.when to start has not bee decided.The difficulty was how to cross the river.2在do nothing / anything / everything but / except 的结构中，but / except后面要接不带to的不定式，而如果句子的谓语动词不是do作为实意动词的某种形式，but / except后面则要接带to的不定式。e.g.Last night I did nothing but watch TV.John will do anything but work on a farm.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.八、独立主格与非谓语动词的不同独立主格结构的构成是：逻辑诸于+分词/形容词/名词/副词/介词短语/不定式等等。逻辑主语即意思上的动作的发出者。这种结构常用来做状语，表示一种方式，环境，伴随的状况等等。With往往是这一结构的引导词(with可以省略)。1）with + 逻辑主语+ 分词With the weather permitting, well play basketball tomorrow.With this work done, they packed their tools and went back home.2）with+ 逻辑主语+ 介词短语He stood there with his hat in hand.3）with+ 逻辑主语+ 副词He went out with no hat on.4）with+ 逻辑主语+ 形容词He slept well with the door open.5) with +逻辑主语+ 不定式He knew that with him to help her, she could succeed.不同点：1. 主语不同。非谓语动词的逻辑主语也就是主句的主语，而独立主格结构中动词的主语与主句的主语不同，是另外的逻辑主语。 2. 非谓语动词的形式只有三种：不定式，动名词和分词；而独立主格中除了不定式和分词，还可以用到形容词，副词，介词等。动名词I. Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and Dl. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1. As Ill be away for at least a year, Id appreciate _from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined3. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery_just around the corner was untrue.A. would be B. to be C. was D. being4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist _what to do and what not to do.A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been told5. Ted had told me that he always escapes_ as he has got a very fast sport car.A to fine B. to be fined C. being fined D. having been fined6.When Jane fell off the bike, the other children_.A. were not able to help laughter B. could not help but laughingC. could not help laughing D. could not help to laugh7. The noise was caused by a dog_ a cat through the garden. A. catching B. fighting C. following D. chasing8. There was no sign that Mr. Joslin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite _from leadership of it, would intervene personally.A. being resigned B. having resigned C. going to resign D. resign9. I dont allow _ in my drawing-room. I dont allow my family _ at all.A. to smoke; smoking B. smoking; to smoke C. to smoke; to smoke D. smoking; smoking10. Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chance B. there be a chance C. there to be a chance D. being a chance11. There is _ that this has been a difficult year for the company.A. not to deny B. not denying C. no denying D. without denying12. I have always regretted _ harder at school.A. to have to studied B. not study C. not having studied D. not to study13. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make14. _all night in the rain caused him to catch a cold. A. He worked B. He to work C. Him to work D. His working15. No one then thought Toms suggestion was worth _ .A. to be considered B. to consider C. considering D. being considered16. _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A. The girl was educated B. The girl educatedC. The girls. being educated D. The girl to be educated17. There is a regulation which forbids_ in public places. A smoking B to smoke C smoke D from smoking . 不定式1. The students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the final exam.A. is B. being C. have been D. to be2. It isnt cold enough for there _a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. was D. to be3. For there _successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.A. is B. to be C. will be D. being4. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly _.A. noticed B. to be noticed C. noticing D. being noticing5. The local health organization is reported _twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up6. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time_ the last bus.A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught7. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed8. I advise them to withdraw_A. so as to get not involved B. so as not to get involvedC. so that not to get involved D. as not to get involved9. Would you_ to give me a helping hand when I move to the new houses?A. be so kind B. be kind as C. be so kind as D. be kind10. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along _to spend most of their time together.A. so well B. too well C. well as D. well enough1l. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about _compliments to his political leaders.A .paying B. having paid C. to pay D. to have paid12. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, _ to find it locked.A. just B. only C. hence D. thus13. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though_ out of the office.A. went B. gone C. to go D. would go14. Do you remember_ to Professor Smith during your last visit?A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to have introduced15. She moved closer _what she was saying.A. for my hearing B. for me to hearC. as to for me to hear D. in order I to hear16. The tourists decided not to make a trip to that ancient temple_.A. but stay where they were B. but staying where they wereC. but to stay where they were D. instead of staying where they were17. Did you notice the little boy_ away?A. took the candy and run B. taking the candy and runC. take the candy and run D. who taking the candy and running18. The pressure_ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed19. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman _the Nobel Prize for Literature.A. receive B. received C. to receive D. she received20. Madame Curie is believed _the radium.A. discovering B. having discovered C. to have discovered D. to discover过去分词1. John was so_ in his book that he did not hear the door bell ring.A. engaged B. occupied C. absorbed D. concentrated2. After a long walk on a hot day, one often feels_.A. exhaustive B. exhausting C. exhaust D. exhausted3. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely_ to the outside world.A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost4. In spite of the wide range of reading materials specially written or_ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.A. adapted B. acknowledged C. assembled D. appointed5. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am_ to carrying out the plan.A. obliged B. committed C. engaged D. resolved6. _of the burden of