人文地理(3轮)12.ppt

人文地理 HUMANGEOGRAPHY 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Politicalgeographyisthestudyoftheorganizationanddistributionofpoliticalphenomena includingtheirimpactonotherspatialcomponentsofsocietyandculture 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography 1 NationalPoliticalSystems2 GeographicCharacteristicsofStates3 StateCohesiveness4 InternationalPoliticalSystems 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography States NationsAstatecanbedefinedaseither 1 andofthepoliticalunitsformingafederalgovernment e g oneoftheUnitedStates oras 2 arecognizedindependentpoliticalentityholdingsovereigntyoveraterritory e g theUnitedStates Inthislattersense stateissynonymouswithcountryornation 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Thatis anationcanalsobedefinedas 1 anindependentpoliticalunitholdingsovereigntyoveraterritory e g amemberoftheUnitedNations Butitcanalsobeusedtodescribe 20acommunityofpeoplewithacommonancestry culture andterritory e g theKurdishnation Theseconddefinitionisnotsynonymouswithstateorcountry 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Toavoidconfusion weshalldefineastateontheinternationallevelasanindependentpoliticalunitoccupyingadefined permanentlypopulatedterritoryandhavingfullsovereigncontroloveritsinternalandforeignaffairs Anationisagroupofpeoplewithacommoncultureoccupyingaparticularterritory boundtogetherbyastrongsenseofunityarisingfromsharedbeliefsandcustoms 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Thesize shape andlocationofanyonestatecombinetodistinguishitfromallothers Thesecharacteristicsareofmorethanacademicinterest becausetheyalsoaffectthepowerandstabilityofstates Size Aneasyassumptionwouldbethatthelargerastate sarea thegreateristhechancethatitwillincludetheores energysupplies andfertilesoilsfromwhichitcanbenefit 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Shape Likesize acountry sshapecanaffectitswell beingasastatebyfosteringorhinderingeffectiveorganization Themostefficientformwouldbeacirclewiththecapitallocatedinthecenter Itwouldalsohavetheshortestpossibleborderstodefend Theyhaveroughlycircularshapes formingacompactstate 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Proruptstatesarenearlycompactbutpossessoneorsometimestwonarrowextensionsofterritory Elongatedstatesaretheleastefficientshapeadministrativelywhicharelongandnarrow Fragmentedstatesincludescountriescomposedentirelyofislands e g thePhilippinesandIndonesia 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Europehasmanysuchexclaves outlyingbitsofonecountryinsideanothercountry Aperforatedstatecompletelysurroundsaterritorythatitdoesnotruleas forexample theRepublicofSouthAfrica 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography LocationThesignificanceofsizeandshapeasfactorsinnationalwell beingcanbemodifiedbyastate slocation bothabsoluteandrelative Astate srelativelocation itspositioncomparedtothatofothercountries isasimportantasitsabsolutelocation Theoriginaluncleus orcorearea ofastateusuallycontainsitsmostdevelopedeconomicbase densestpopulationandlargestcities thebestdevelopedtransportationsystems 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography Nationalism Oneofthemostpowerfulofthecentripetalforcesisnationalism anidentificationwiththestateandtheacceptanceofnationalgoals Centrifugalforcesdestabilizeandweakenastate 第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography TheUnitedNationsandItsAgenciesTheUnitedNations UN istheonlyorganizationthattriestobeuniversal andevenitisnotall inclusive Itsmembershiphasexpandedfrom51countriesin1945to185in1998 EconomicAlliancesTheWorldTradeOrganization WTO whichcameintoexistenceatthestartof1995 ischargedwithenforcingtheglobaltrade accordthatgrewoutofyearsofinternationalnegotiationsunderthetermsoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade GATT TheEurop