茶花女.doc

茶花女(La Traviara) 四幕歌剧，威尔第作曲 四幕歌剧茶花女是意大利最负盛名的作曲家威尔第创作的，作于1853年，其歌剧剧本是皮亚威根据小仲马的同名悲剧改编而成的。1852年冬天，威尔第在巴黎看了话剧茶花女后十分激动，决心将话剧改写成歌剧。1853年，当其脚本由皮亚威完成后，威尔第仅用了4周时间就写出了歌剧总谱。当时威尔第正忙于另一部歌剧游吟诗人的首演，但他一面忙于指导排练，一面埋头创作茶花女，终于在同年，这部歌剧在威尼斯芬尼司大剧院首次上演。可演出情况十分糟糕，就像罗西尼的塞维利亚的理发师1816年在罗马的首演一样，遭到了惨重的失败。当然失败的原因是多方面的，首要原因是角色选择不合适。如剧中女主角薇奥莱塔的扮演者健壮如牛，形象不适合，还有这部歌剧对当时的观众来讲还是一部现代剧，巴黎的沙龙与别墅代替了通常歌剧中出现的中世纪宫廷与城堡；穿现代服装的男女代替了披袍挂剑的王公贵族，一时不太适合观众的口味。尽管观念反映不佳，但威尔第本人对自己的音乐却充满着信心，他在首演次日给一位朋友和学生的信中写道：“昨夜茶花女惨败，是我的错还是演员的错?时间将会作出结论。”果然，一年后茶花女在同一剧场再度上演时获得成功，又过了两年的1856年，茶花女在伦敦、圣彼得堡、纽约上演，并在巴黎再一次上演，从此，茶花女站稳了歌剧舞台，并成为最受世人欢迎的意大利歌剧传统节目。这是一部亲切、细腻刻画人物内心世界的抒情歌剧，它着重表现了牺牲于资产阶级社会偏见和虚伪道德的妇女的悲惨处境。歌剧茶花女的音乐细微流畅、真挚动人，具有拨人心弦的悲剧效果，充分体现了伟大作曲家威尔第高超的创作技巧和惊人的艺术才华。 歌剧茶花女、弄臣、游吟诗人均为威尔第中期的著名作品，威尔第本人也因这三大名作而成为世界著名的大作曲家。他的歌剧都有很强的戏剧性，创作手法清新，曲调结构简单，音乐感人而易懂。如果说瓦格纳是德国歌剧的改革者，那么威尔第则是意大利歌剧的优秀继承者和发展者，同时他也是世界著名的歌剧音乐大师。 威尔第于1813年10月10日出生在意大利帕马省的隆柯里，他的父亲是一个杂货店的小店主。威尔第在幼年时就显露出了非凡的音乐天才，10岁时，就出任了教堂的风琴师，12岁便开始作曲，19岁赴米兰报考音乐学院未取，只得在私人音乐教师的门下学习音乐，由于他的刻苦和勤奋，很快掌握了作曲技法。1839年，他的第一部歌剧奥拜尔托伯爵在米兰大获成功，引起了众人的注目。但不幸的是这时他的爱妻与两个儿子先后去世，给他精神上以沉重的打击，凭着坚强的毅力他挺了过来。1842年他以惊人的毅力创作了歌剧纳布科并获得了空前的成功，从此奠定了他成为世界著名音乐大师的地位。其后，他创作的优秀作品接二连三地问世，直到1887年74岁时还创作了他一生最伟大的两部歌剧奥塞罗和法尔斯塔夫，显示了他更加成熟的技巧和更加深刻的思想。威尔第在意大利人民心中享有崇高的威望，他的名字已成为意大利民族精神的象征。威尔第于1901年1月27日在米兰逝世，当年他的葬礼有二十多万人参加，人们高喊着“威尔第万岁”，“威尔第永垂不朽”的口号，悲哀与隆重的气氛远远超过了国葬的仪典，这足以说明威尔第在意大利人民心中占有多么重要的位置。 剧情梗概： 巴黎上流社会名妓薇奥莱塔为青年阿尔弗莱德真挚的爱情所感动，和他一起来到巴黎郊外开始了新的生活。阿尔弗莱德的父亲乔治出面干涉，为了阿尔弗莱德的家庭和前途薇奥莱塔决定牺牲自己的爱情，她强忍悲痛，离开阿尔弗莱德重返风月场。不明真相的阿尔弗莱德在盛怒之下当众羞辱薇奥莱塔。薇奥莱塔信守对乔治所许的诺言，未说出真情，但身患肺病的她经不起一连串的打击终于卧病不起。乔治良心发现，对儿子讲明一切，但当他们赶到薇奥莱塔病床边时已无回天之力。 第一幕 巴黎，薇奥莱塔豪华的会客厅里。 薇奥莱塔接待各方贵族、来客，为他们举办欢庆宴会，大家随着合唱唱起欢乐的人生。子爵加斯东陪同阿尔弗莱德上场，他向薇奥莱塔介绍阿尔弗莱德，一起交谈起来。经朋友劝诱，阿尔弗莱德唱起了著名的饮酒歌。 宴会间，薇奥莱塔请客人们去跳舞，她自己则感到不太舒适没有参加。阿尔弗莱德劝她保重身体，并向她坦言自己早在一年前就已爱上了她。薇奥莱塔劝他不要有这种念头，及早离开她。 薇奥莱塔发觉自己已被阿尔弗莱德真挚的情感所吸引，心荡神移地冥想着未来的幸福生活。但现实生活又使她猛醒，她迅速打消了对爱情生活的梦想和对阿尔弗莱德的思念，但这时，从阳台下却传来了阿尔弗莱德的歌声。 第二幕 巴黎郊外，农家一楼的会客厅。 薇奥莱塔在阿尔弗莱德真挚的爱情的鼓舞下，抛弃了纸醉金迷的生活，和阿尔弗莱德一起来到巴黎近郊的农村，开始了新的生活。阿尔弗莱德全年收入只有12000法郎，不足以维持日常生活，薇奥莱塔瞒着他，依靠变卖私人积蓄度日。当阿尔弗莱德得知这些情况后感到十分内疚。 阿尔弗莱德的父亲来了，他谴责薇奥莱塔不该引诱他的儿子。当他听说薇奥莱塔为了爱他的儿子而不惜卖掉自己的全部财产时虽然非常感动，但为了儿子和即将出嫁的女儿的前途，仍然恳求她断绝与阿尔弗莱德的关系，在他的再三恳求和劝说下，薇奥莱塔决定忍痛离开阿尔弗莱德。 薇奥莱塔坐下来给阿尔弗莱德写告别信，单簧管凄凉的独奏诉说着她悲苦的心情，给人留下极深的印象。信刚写完封好，阿尔弗莱德就回来了。阿尔弗莱德告诉她他父亲来信讲要到这里来，薇奥莱塔含着泪说，希望他能喜欢她。 薇奥莱塔的仆人进来讲，薇奥莱塔已经走了，阿尔弗莱德没有注意到薇奥莱塔情绪上的变化，毫无反应，仆人转交了薇奥莱塔给他的告别信。阿尔弗莱德拆开信来一看，不禁惊叫了起来。这时他的父亲正好走了进来，父亲安慰着儿子，劝他回故乡去看看，唱起了咏叹调。阿尔弗莱德不听父亲的劝告，他看了看信封上的地址，挣脱父亲，冲出了房间。 第三幕 在巴黎豪华的公馆里，人们在议论着阿尔弗莱德与薇奥莱塔感情的破裂。阿尔弗莱德上场，他加入了几个人的赌局。这时阿尔弗莱德的情敌杜弗男爵挽着薇奥莱塔的手臂走了进来，薇奥莱塔见阿尔弗莱德也在场，十分后悔到这里来，而阿尔弗莱德则不断说着挖苦她的话。过了一会儿，大家都用餐去了，阿尔弗莱德找机会跟薇奥莱塔一起走了回来。他问她跟男爵是什么关系，薇奥莱塔谎称自己正爱着男爵，阿尔弗莱德一听发疯似地大叫起来，把大家又引了回来。他当众侮辱了薇奥莱塔，并顺手把钱包用力地扔在她的脚下，薇奥莱塔忍受不了侮辱，倒在仆人的怀中。这时阿尔弗莱德的父亲登场了，他训斥儿子，阿尔弗莱德也有所醒悟，深深责备着目己，大家一起安慰薇奥莱塔。薇奥莱塔唱道，希望他能理解自己爱他的心情，阿尔弗莱德除了哀叹无话可说，他的父亲虽知道内情，但又不得不保持沉默，男爵则对这里发生的一切感到恼怒。薇奥莱塔在医生的搀扶下走进另一个房间，其他人也逐渐散去。 第四幕 薇奥莱塔的卧室。 薇奥莱塔躺在床上休息，仆人在一旁打着瞌睡。薇奥莱塔让仆人去拿杯水来，顺便把窗子打开，让阳光照射进来。她想起床看看，但支持不住又倒下了，在仆人的搀扶下，她总算坐在了椅子上，这时格伦威尔医生来了。医生给薇奥莱塔看病，对她说很快会好的，但她根本不相信。医生走时对仆人讲，她的时间不会长了，说完就走了。 薇奥莱塔关照仆人，将来把用剩的钱分给穷人，说完拿出阿尔弗莱德父亲的信读了起来。信上讲阿尔弗莱德和男爵进行了决斗，男爵受伤，但已经恢复了。阿尔弗莱德现住在国外，我已告诉他实话，讲了你为他作出的牺牲，他将很快赶回你的身边。薇奥莱塔叹息着说已经太晚了，唱起了咏叹调：“往日美好欢乐的梦境啊，再见了!这蔷薇般的容颜，如今已苍白憔悴。人间的痛苦和欢乐，很快就会一起被遗忘。” 阿尔弗莱德赶回来了，两人紧紧拥抱在一起。阿尔弗莱德深探向她道歉，而薇奥莱塔则为还能再见到他而感到无比的喜悦，两人唱起了有名的二重唱。 最后，阿尔弗莱德的父亲也来了，他来是想把薇奥莱塔认作女儿，来拥抱她的，但发现已经为时太晚了，他知道这场悲剧是由他一手酿成的，非常难过。薇奥莱塔把自己的画像亲手交给阿尔弗莱德，唱道：“如果有一天，一位纯洁的姑娘把心献给你，给她看一看，告诉她，我为你们的幸福而祈祷。” 薇奥莱塔终于倒下停止了呼吸，在场的人全部陷入了深深的悲痛之中。在管弦乐奏出的强烈的音乐声中，幕布徐徐降下，全剧至此结束。SynopsisACT I Violettas house in ParisVioletta Valry is having one of her many parties. Among her guests are her friend Flora, the Marchese dObigny and Baron Douphol. Gastone arrives with his friend Alfredo Germont whom he introduces to Violetta as one of her ardent admirers. Violetta is flattered by Alfredos devoted attention. When she serves champagne, he sings the well-known brindisi Libiamo nelieti calici (Let us drink from the joyous goblets). When the guests begin to leave for the ballroom. Violetta starts to go with them but has a sudden fainting spell. She bids the others go without her, and all except Alfredo leave. He expresses his concern for her health and warns that she must abandon her frivolous way of life. He tells Violetta of his love for her (Un d felice One happy day). She responds that she can only offer friendship. Gaston asks them to join the others, but Alfredo prepares to leave. Violetta gives him a camellia she is wearing and tells him he may return to her when it wilts. He promises to come the following day and again tells her of his love and happiness. Alone, Violetta sings of her joy and of the love Alfredo has kindled in her heart ( strano!.Ah, fors lui Its strange!.Perhaps it is he). Suddenly she thinks of her way of life and decides to forget Alfredo and continue to live life day by day for pleasure (Sempre libera Always free).ACT II Violettas country home near ParisAlfredo has convinced Violetta to leave her life in the city and they are living together in the country. He sings of his happiness (Dei miei bollenti spiriti Of my ardent spirits). Annina, Violettas servant, tells him she has been in Paris to sell Violettas possessions in order to pay their expenses. A shocked Alfredo leaves for Paris to recover Violettas things and to clear her debts. Soon she enters, looking for Alfredo, and is surprised to learn he has gone to Paris. When Giuseppe brings her a letter bearing an invitation from Flora, Violetta reads it and tosses it aside. A guest is announced; he is Giorgio Germont, Alfredos father. While he is impressed when he learns that they have been living on her money rather than Alfredos, he asks her to sacrifice her love. Alfredos sister is betrothed, and her financ will leave if her brother continues with his scandalous life-style (Pura siccome un angelo Pure as an angel)Violetta tells of her love and happiness, but Germont, although sympathetic with her plight, assures her Alfredos love will not last. She finally agrees to leave her lover, but asks Germont to tell both his daughter and Alfredo of her sacrifice after she is dead (Dite alla giovine Tell the young girl). With an embrace, Germont tells her he is grateful and departs.Quickly Violetta writes a note accepting Floras invitation and a letter to Alfredo. When he returns, she says she must leave but tearfully asks him to love her as she will always love him (Amami, Alfredo Love me, Alfredo)After she goes, a Messenger appears and hands Alfredo her letter. As he reads, his father returns. The letter is Violettas farewell, and Germont attempts to console his shocked and disconsolate son (Di Provenza il mar From Provence, the sea.). Alfredo then sees the letter from Flora and rushes off in a fit of jealousy.ACT III Floras homeThe guests are entertained by gypsies who are telling fortunes. After dancers perform an imitation bullfight, Alfredo enters alone. Soon Violetta arrives with Baron Douphol. Alfredo gambles with him and wins. When supper is announced, the Baron promises to continue the game later. All leave, but Violetta and Alfredo return. She warns him to leave; she fears the Baron will kill him. He promises to leave if she will follow him, but she tells him she has made a solemn vow to see him no more. When he demands to know to whom she made the vow, she lies, telling him it was the Baron with whom she is now in love. Angrily he calls the guests back and, announcing that Violetta has spent everything she had on him, throws his purse of winnings at her feet. He has now paid her back in full! She faints, and the shocked and angered guests demand he leave. His father, who has just arrived, also denounces him. When Violetta revives, she tells the remorseful Alfredo she still loves him. As the curtain falls, the Baron challenges him to a duel.ACT IV Violettas bedroom, some time laterA poignant prelude portrays the mortally ill Violetta. Her doctor tells Annina that she will probably die by nightfall. Violetta rereads a letter she has received fro