延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换.doc

延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,如：for 2 years，for a long time; since从句, 如：since he came here; since+时间点名词, 如：since last year, since 5 days ago; how long等。请看例句1.He has lived here for 6 years.请看例句2.You can keep the book for 5 days.请看例句3.I stayed there for 2 weeks last year.请看例句4.How long did you stay there last year?请看例句5.My brother has joined the army for two years（误）My brother has been a soldier for two years .（正）我哥哥自1999年就参军了。请看例句6.My brother has joined the army since 1999（误）My brother has been a soldier since 1999 (正)你哥哥参军多久了？请看例句7.How long has your brother joined the army ？（误）How long has your brother been a soldier ？ （正）二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或点动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:open, die, close, begin(start), finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;请看例句He died 5 years ago.否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。请看例句1.I havent left here for 3 years.请看例句2.I havent heard from him for 3 weeks.三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave be away离开;borrow keep借;buy have买;begin/start be on开始/上演;die be dead;finish end stop be over结束/完成;join be in+组织机构或be a member of+组织机构；open/close sth keep sth open/closed；fall ill be ill；get up be up；catch get a cold have a cold感冒；come here be here；go there be there；become be成为；come back be back；fall asleep be asleep睡着；get to/ arrive/reach be (in)；leave be away from；get to know know；go (get) out be out；put on wear；catch a cold have a cold; go to school be in schoolbe a student上学; go abroad be abroad去国外; marry be married（to）结婚; wake up be awake 醒; make friends with be friends with成为/交朋友; lose be lost be missing be gone 丢失; lose ones job work be out of work a job等。请看例句1.The old man died 4 years ago. The old man has been dead for 4 years. It is 4 years since the old man died. Four years has passed since the old man died.请看例句2.He joined the Party 2 years ago. He has been in the Party for 2 years.He has been a Party member for 2 years.请看例句3. He joined the army 5 years ago. He has been in the army for 5 years. He has served in the army for 5 years.He has been a soldier for 5 years.请看例句4.I bought the book 5 days ago. I have had the book for 5 days.练习：1.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2.I _ the League for 5 years so far.A. joined B. have joined C. have been in3.The factory _ since the February of 1988.A. has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4.Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000.A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5.You mustnt _ until he comes back.A. be away B. leave C. be left6.The meeting _ for a week now.A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over7.Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years.A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught8.Ben _ a teacher for 4 years .A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week.A. have returned B. have been back C. returned10. How long _ he _ ?A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He _ at eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12.He _ the car for a week.A. bought B. has bought C. has had13.-How long _ you _ ill ? -Two weeks.A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been14.Since 2000, he _ his hometown.A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from15.Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days.A. borrow B. keep C. take16.The bus _ on the road for 2 hours so far.A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been17.Are you _ the jacket these days?A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on18.He _ foe 2 hours.A. got up B. has got up C. has been up19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _ a cold for several days.A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20.- How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks.A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep21.-How long have you _ the book? -Two weeks.A. bought B. lent C. had D. borrowed22. -Do you know him well?-Sure, we_friends for ten years.A. were B. have been C. have become D. have madeKey:1-5 D C A B B; 6- -10 C A A B C; 11-15 B C C C B; 16-20 C A C D D;21-22 C B英语形容词的排列顺序 当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列?这一直是一个比较复杂的问题，很多英语学习者发现难以找到适合自己的记忆方法。下面的口诀可否帮你记住这一先后顺序。限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老； 颜色国籍跟材料， 功能类别往后排。“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如: both my hands、all half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。“形状”的词如：narrow、round、square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词，如：British、Canadian、German等。“材料”的词如：plastic、metal、wooden、woolen、stone、silk等。“功能类别”的词如：writing desk、police car等。当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。请多读以下例子增加语感：1.She has a beautiful brown leather jacket2.He has a long red American car.3.They live in a beautiful old house.4.We have a small antique wooden table.5.He has a lovely red woollen jumper.6.It is a pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk.7.It was a lovely old French song8.He owns a horrible big black dog9.This is a beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat.10.I saw a fantastic new British film.11.This pretty little Spanish girl Lindas conusin.12.Oh,its a nice long new black British plastic pen.13.I am a tall, strong and intelligent student.我是一个身高体壮而又聪明的学生。14.I am dressed in a short blue silk coat.我穿一件短的蓝色绸缎外衣。15.This new shopping mall is quite large, isnt it?这家新开的购物中心真大，是吧？16.an expensive tennis racket一个很贵的网球拍17.a large brick conference hall一间大的砖造的会议室18.This pair of steel and nylon tennis rackets is really expensive.这副钢和尼龙制造的网球拍真贵啊。19.a large brick conference hall一间大的砖造的会议室20.a fine little earthen doll一个精巧的小小的泥娃娃21.Do you have Italian leather boots?这有义大利制造的皮靴吗？22.I want a pair of black Italian leather boots.我想要一双黑色义大利制造的皮靴。23.Mom, could you buy me a new green leather schoolbag?妈妈，你能为我买一个新的绿色皮书包吗？24.I think your old canvas schoolbag is still usable.我觉得你那个旧帆布书包还能用。25.That large green leather schoolbag is really cool.那个大大的绿色皮书包真棒啊！26.Yes, it really is. And that pretty purple silk dress!确实很棒。还有那件漂亮的紫色的丝质衣服也很棒。27.What about those beautiful little old Chinese porcelain vases?那些漂亮的小小的古老的中国瓷花瓶怎么样？分英语中的反意疑问句（2）英语中的反意疑问句 (Tag Question) 在陈述句后面附加一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问，这种句子叫做反意疑问句，也称为附加疑问句，是一种常用的疑问形式。常用于征求对方的意见和看法，要求对方对自己的话语表示肯定或否定的回答。反意疑问句也可以表示问者的倾向，强调或反问。要注意的是要保持人称，时态和数的一致而且附加疑问部分通常用代词，而不用同陈述部分相应的名词。一附加疑问部分谓语是have(has/had),表示所有 含义时，陈述部分如是肯定式，附加疑问部分谓语用havent(hasnt/hadnt)? 或dont(doesnt/didnt)? ; 陈述部分如是否定式，havent(hasnt/hadnt)时，附加疑问谓语只用have(has/had)? ;陈述部分如是否定式，dont have(doesnt have/didnt have)时，附加疑问部分谓语只用do(does/did)? 。如：1.He has a new TV set,hasnt /doesnt he ?2.You havent a lot of time to spare, have you?3.He had a story-book yesterday,hadnt/didnt he?4.She didnt have any money in her pocket, did she?5.You dont have any money in your pocket,do you?注1:陈述部分谓语如带有助动词，附加疑问谓语也用相应的助动词，所以上面最后两句附加疑问部分谓语用助动词did/do,而不能用动词had/have。注2:陈述部分的谓语动词have(has/had)不表示所有 含义，而又不是助动词，附加疑问部分谓语只用do(does/did)?。 如： 1.Kate has to work harder from now on,doesnt she? 2.She often has headaches,doesnt she?3.You had a good time last night,didnt you?二陈述部分为祈使句时，附加疑问部分一般用 will you，但有时用wont you表示 邀请之意,这种情况的附加疑问部分也用why dont you构成。也有时用would you,can you,cant you来表示告诉某人该做某事，请求某人该做某事，提醒某人该做某事。 如：1. Please keep calm, will you?2. Do as you were told , will you?3. Be quiet,would you?（表示请求）4. Give me a hand,can/cant you? （表示请求）5. Sit down,wont you? （表示邀请）6. Have some milk,wont? （表示邀请）7. Take a break, why dont you? （表示邀请）注1：此种情况在水平测试中，一般以will you为准。特别是在否定形式中，只能用will you。如：1.Dont forqet to get up early ,will you ?2.Dont do that,will you?注2: 祈使句以let开头时，附加疑问部分应特别注意。Lets所建议的活动指说话者与听话者双方的行为，Lets意思即shall we ,附加疑问部分是shall we意思的重复;而Let us /Let me向听话者一方提出请求，是请你让我们/我做某事之意。Let us意即may we或will you let us，附加疑问部分用may we或will you来表示重复。Let me意即may I或will you let me，附加疑问部分用may I或will you来表示重复。 如：1. Its a fine day. Lets go fishing,shall we?2. Come on Mary, lets dance,shall we?3. Let us go to the cinema this afternoon, may we/will you ?4. Let me say Ill think it over,may I/will you?三陈述部分带有否定或半否定的副词或代词，如：none,scarecely,neither,no one,few,seldom,never,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nothing或nobody等，附加疑问部分谓语用动词用肯定形式。如：1 She never tells a lie ， does she ?2Few people went to meet him yesterday,did they?3.She seldom goes to work late,does she?5. Nothing was said,was it?6. Tom hardly did his homework,did he?7. He had no time for reading,did he?注：带有否定意义的形容词，如：unfair,invisible,undrinkable,unfit,useless,impolite,hopeless等，不属于带有否定或半否定的副词或代词，故后面的附加疑问部分要用否定形式。如：1.Thats unfair ,isnt it ? 2.They are unhappy,arent they?3.The king is unfit for his office,isnt he?4.The water in the area is undrinkable,isnt it?四陈述部分如果是主从复合句时，附加疑问部分谓语动词根据主句的谓语动词而定; 陈述部分如果是并列复合句时，附加疑问部分谓语动词根据后句的谓语动词而定。如：1.It is not colder than it was yesterday ，is it ?2.He told her Mrs. Smith wasnt going to the meeting, didnt he?3. You were in the farm when I saw you last night, werent you?4.He says that I did it, doesnt he?5.John isnt a diligent student, for it is the third time he has been late,is he?6.It is the second time that Mary has been to China,isnt it?7.Time is up and lets begin our meeting, shall we?注：think,suppose,expect,feel,hear,guess,imagine,be sure或believe引导的宾语从句，主句中主语是第一人称时，附加疑问部分谓语动词根据从句的谓语动词而定。如：1I dont think there is much tea in the cup , is there ?2.I suppose that he is serious,isnt he?3.I dont feel he can do it any longer,can he?4.I am not sure you will help him,will you?5.I believe he has come, hasnt he?五陈述部分主语是合成不定代词everybody,everyone,someone,somebody,nobody等时，附加疑问部分中的主语常用they,有时也用he;陈述部分主语是合成不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything等时，附加疑问部分中的主语常用it。如：1.Everybody has arrived , hasnt he ?2.Nobody phoned while I was out, did he?3.Somebody borrowed my dictionary yesterday,didnt he?4.Everyone knows how to do it,dont they?5.Everybody is here today,arent they?6.Everthing is ready ,isnt it ?7.Nothing will make him give in,will it?六当陈述部分的谓语动词含有助动词had better, would rather,would like时，附加疑问部分要重复助动词had 或would。 如：1 Shed like to go there by plane,wouldnt she?2 Youd better stop at the next place we see, hadnt you?3 Youd rather not do it,would you?七当陈述部分的谓语动词含有I wish时，附加疑问部分谓语动词要用may I，而且一般都用肯定式。如：1I wish go home now ， may I ?2I wish to shake hands with you,may I?八当陈述部分的谓语动词含有情态动词表示推测意义时，附加疑问部分根据陈述部分中后面的不定式结构而定。如：1 He must be very tired ，isnt he ?=I am sure he is tired,isnt he?2.Your parents must be in the kitchen,arent they?=I am sure your parents are in the kitchen, arent they?3.You must have seen the movie last month ,didnt you?=I am sure you saw the film last night,didnt you?4.He must have waited here for several days,hasnt he?=I am sure he has waited here for several days,hasnt he?5.He must be in the workshop,isnt he?=I am sure he is in the work shop,isnt he?6.Li Ming cant be in the classroom,is he?=I am not sure Li Ming is in the classroom,is he?7.He cant have gone to see a film last night,did he?=I am not sure he went to see a film last night,did he?8.You should have come earlier,didnt you?=I am sure you came earlier,didnt you?注：当陈述部分的谓语动词不表示推测意义时，附加疑问部分用情态动词加主语。如：1. We must go soon,mustnt we?2. You shouldnt go there ,should you?3. You must study hard next term,mustnt you?4. He cant ride a bike , can he?九掌握感叹句的构成。首先应把感叹句的主语和谓语补全，再构成附加疑问部分的主语和谓语。如：1.What beautiful weather today（it is） ，isnt it ? 2.What funny persons(they are),arent they?3.What a beautiful girl(she is),isnt she?4.A lovely day(it is),isnt it?十掌握need与dare所在句子反意疑问句的构成原则。need和dare既可作情态动词，也可作行为动词，在构成附加疑问部分的主语和谓语时，须加以区别。need和dare作情态动词时，附加疑问部分仍然用need和dare；need和dare作行为动词时，附加疑问部分用do,does,did形式。如： 1.Arthur darent call you a fool , dare he ? 2.You neednt hand in your paper,need you?3.My sister often needs help with her study,doesnt she?4.The boy doesnt dare to climb that mountain,does he?5. You need to come earlier,dont you?十一. 陈述部分是由情态动词加秃头不定式作谓语动词，附加疑问部分与前面保持一致。如：1.He shouldnt smoke so much,should he?2.They ought to have gone earlier ,oughtnt they?3.She ought not to do that again,ought she?十二. 陈述部分是I am 时，疑问部分常用arent I 或aint I ,代替正式的am I not ；陈述部分是I am not 时，疑问部分用am I. 如： 1. I am late for your class , arent I ? 2.I am too fat,arent I?3.Im not a student,am I?十二. 当陈述部分是一个动词不定式，动名词，词组或从句作主语时，疑问部分用it;当陈述部分是多个动词不定式，动名词，词组或从句作主语时，疑问部分用they。如：1. To study Chinese well is not easy,is it?2. Lifting weights will build arm and shoulder muscles,wont it?3. From my school to Harbin is a long distance ,isnt it?4. That they are friends is not true,is it?5. What he said and what he did were the same,werent they?十三. 陈述部分是the