高考英语 考前冲刺基础知识串讲.doc

2012届高考英语考前冲刺基础知识串讲第1讲一、language points1.sharev. 分享、合用：share sth with sbn. 一份，股份sparea. 业余的，备用的：spare time, a spare tirev. 抽出，匀给：spare me five minutes/spare one of sandwiches for the boyspare no efforts：不遗余力 spare no expense：不惜工本savev. 节省，救出2.he felt lucky to have survived the war.3.with sb about/over sth：和某人就某事争论arguefor/against sth：赞成/反对sb into/out of (doing) sth：说服某人做/不做某事4.have/make/let/see/watch/listen to+宾+宾补(do/doing/done)get sb to do sthhave+宾+宾补(to do/to be done)5.so+同一主语+助动词so/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语so it is/was with+另一主语6.should/ought to/need/could/might/would+do/have done7.except/but/except for/except that/except wh-clausebesides/in additionapart frombut for=without8.the first time+从句for the first time：作时间状语its the first time+that-clause(完成时)the first+名词+to do9.mostmost of the +n.(pl)/pron. the majority of (the)mostly: 主要地（状）10.be equal to sth：与相等be equal to (doing) sth：胜任(做)某事equal sth：与相等equal sb in sth：在方面与某人匹敌11.compareto/withcompared to/with12.a great manyseveral/two dozen/hundred +n.(pl.)(many) dozens ofa great many of +the/these/those+n.(pl.)seveal/two dozen of +pron.13.much too+adj/adv(原级)too much+n.(u.)too many+n.(pl.)14. 没有被动态 come about(主要用于疑问句、否定句) happen(表示偶然、碰巧之意)sth+ take place(多表示有组织、有计划) break out(指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发) occur(与happen通用) it occurs to sb that/to do：某人突然想起15. n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrase to do：表将来with+宾+宾补 doing：表正在进行 done：表过去16. 强调句型的判断方法：如果将句子中的“it be”和“that”去掉，原句通顺则是强调句，否则就不是强调句。例：it was in the street that i met an old friend yesterday.二、语法专题名词的考点1. 考查可数名词和不可数名词，尤其是许多不可数名词在一定情况下变为可数名词。2. 考查名词的格，即 s所有格，of所有格或双重所有格。3. 名词作定语。4. 名词及名词短语的辨析。5. 名词与介词，冠词，动词的搭配。三、题型归纳辨析型单项填空1. 名词的辨析名词的辨析首先要注意名词单复数的意义区别，如parent指父亲或母亲，而parents指父母双亲；people指人们，而a people指民族。其次注意可数与不可数时的意义区别，如: exercise指锻炼；而exercises指练习题或练习操；再次，注意同义名词或近义名词的区别，如: event指发生的重大事件、体育项目；incident指偶发事件；而accident指意外事件。最后还要注意近形词的区别，如: cloth指布；cloths指各种不同用途的布；clothes指衣服(复数)，clothing衣服(总称)。2. 动词的辨析对于动词的辨析，首先要了解动词的及物与不及物，如: reply意为“回答，答复”后面接名词时需接介词to, 此时为不及物动词；后接从句时，则为及物动词。其次是要弄清动词的词义区别，如: advise与persuade, 前者指劝说、劝告，强调过程；而后者指说服，强调结果。最后还要区别各种非谓语动词间的意义和用法：动词的v-ing形式表示正在进行或伴随的动作；v-ed形式表示完成或被动；to do形式表示即将进行的动作等。3. 形容词、副词的辨析对于形容词、副词，一是要注意近义词间的区别，如: clever指对问题处理的圆滑；bright指对问题的反应快；wise指选择的正确等。此外，如wide与broad; strong与powerful; interesting与interested; exciting与excited等。二是注意同形的形容词和副词，如: close作形容词时意为“亲密的”；作副词时意为“接近，靠拢”。三是注意同根副词的区别，如: hard与hardly, 前者指猛烈地、努力地；而后者意为几乎不。四是注意副词形式的形容词，如: friendly, lovely, lively实际上是形容词，切不可当作副词使用。五是注意形容词的位置区别，如: present+n.与n.+present，前者指当前的；而后者指在场的。4. 介词的辨析对介词的辨析要从两方面入手，一是介词的词义，如: across, through, past, over为动作介词，across强调从表面横过，越过；through强调从空间穿过；past强调从侧面、旁边经过；over强调从空中越过而不接触，也可以表示越过一段距离、空间等。此外，如above, over, on; with, by; of, to; to, for的区别。5. 连词的辨析连词的区别主要在于：一是连词的意义，如：when, while与as; because, since与for; whether与if; though, as与although等。二是注意时间名词短语转化而成的连词，如： every/each time; the first/secondtime; the moment; the minute等，它们都可作连词，连接从句。三是注意副词转化而成的连词，如: directly, immediately, instantly等。四是注意连词的词序，如: only if与if only, 前者意为“只要”，后者意为“要是就好了”。6. 代词的辨析代词的辨析包括不定代词，如: other, others, the other, the others, another等；人称代词，如: one, it, that等和关系代词，如: which与that; which与as; whose与prep.+which/whom等。1. does the teacher_ you to go home this weekend?a. allowb. consentc. agreed. approve2. after the big fire, the house was completely_.a. ruinedb. destroyedc. damagedd. spoiled3. the hunter said he was lucky to get out of the forest_.a. livingb. alivec. livelyd. live4. _ talking with his grandma, he went away without saying a word.a. tiring withb. tiring ofc. tired withd. tired of5. its necessary to have some_ knowledge for this job.a. electricb. electricalc. elctrond. electricity6. the photo_ on the wall was taken in beijing last year.a. hangb. hangingc. hungd. hanged7. on new years day, people, especially girls, always wear new_-new hats, new coats, new trousers and new shoes.a. clothesb. clothingc. clothd. cloths8. he stays up_ in the evenings to go online to get the_ information.a. late, latestb. lately, lastc. late, lastd. latest, latest9. _ is it to ask her about her about that? she doesnt know it either.a. what goodb. how good c. what a good d. how much good10. _ i had done it i knew i had made a mistake.a. hardlyb. directlyc. mostlyd. nearly11. it is said you went to see jenny yesterday. what has become_ her?a. fromb. ofc. intod. /12. who do you think will be allowed_ there tomorrow?a. visitb. to visitc. visitingd. visited13. today we can either fly to hainan island or take a ship_ the sea.a. inb. acrossc. from ind. across from14. you wil find what great benefit the computer you own can be_ each time you use it to help you work.a. forb. ofc. atd. on15. i thought he was not_ of a professor the first time i heard him speaking to the children at the platform in the hall of our school.a. somethingb. anythingc. somebodyd. anybody16. weve missed the last bus. im afraid we have no_ but to take a taxi.a. wayb. choicec. possibilityd. selection17. _ students have graduated from this school in the last twenty years.a. tens of thousands ofb. tens upon thousands ofc. tens in thousandsd. ten thousands of18. the farmers plan to produce three times_ in the year before last to meet the increasing need of the people.a. of crop as much this year asb. as much crop this year asc. as more crop this year asd. much crop this year than19. i think the house is_ large for a family of four people and the price is very reasonable.a. toob. ratherc. fairlyd. a little20. his mother dislikes him, for he_ lies.a. tellsb. is always tellingc. has toldd. always told1-5 abbdb 6-10 bbaab 11-15 bbdbb 16-20 babcb第2讲一、language points1. sb./sth.+adj/n sb./sth.+to do consider(以为，认为) sb./sth.+as that-clause n. consider(考虑) doing 疑问词+to do sth “把当作”的译法：consideras =think of/look on/take/regard/treat/haveas2. to do a way+ of doing (that/in which)+定语从句 a method of doing sth by this meansyou can solve the problem+ with this method in this wayby means of:通过方式，以手段by this/that means:通过这种/那种方式 by all means:务必，一定；（用于回答）当然行，请 by no means:决不，一点也不（用于句首时用倒装）3. protect(from) doing sth prevent/stop(from) doing sth keepfrom doing keepdoing under the potection of4. as well as well as might/may as well=had better5. to do specially+ for-phrase especially6. along the river:沿着河流 over the river:在河的正上方 through the forest:穿过森林 by the river:在河边 on the bank:在河岸上7. follow the instructions follow ones advice as follows8. be responsible to sb for sth9. n. doing/to do sth sb to do sthprefer+ sth to sth doing a to doing b to do a rather than do sth that sb (should) do sth10. n.+after +n.=one +n. +after another 一个接一个（强调动作的重复） n. +by +n.: 一个接一个（强调动作的变化） tree after tree/day by day11. say “hi” to sb. please remember me to sb.向“某人”问好 send my regards to sb. send the best wishes to sb.12. 主+be +adj. +to do: 不定式一般用主动式，与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词时，则应在其后加上适当的介词。主+be +adj. +to do= it be +adj.+ (for/of sb) +to do stheg. this question is difficult to answer.=its difficult to answer the question.the man is hard to work with.=its hard to work with the man.当不定式用作定语时，与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语为该动作的执行者时，也常常用主动形式。eg. he wants water to drink. she has a room to live in.i will go to beijing tomorrow. do you have anything to be taken there?二、语法专题冠词的考点1. 考查冠词的一些基本用法，例如：复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词；the+单数名词表类指；a/an+单数名词表泛指。2. 考查冠词的习惯用法。如：in case of fire, be wounded in the leg, on the telephone, leave college等。3. 考查冠词的活用。如：抽象名词的具体化，a success; a/an+专有名词表泛指，an edison。4. 考查零冠词的用法。三、题型归纳结构型单项填空结构型试题常表现在句子中某些成分的省略、标点符号的出现、倒装或插入其他成分使前后分离等，从而引起句子结构的变化，扰乱对句子的判断。有省略的复合句。由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略，导致对不定式作状语产生误解。标点符号的影响。由于受汉语习惯的影响，往往会因为句子中的标点符号，弄错句子的结构。插入语的影响。有些句子由于中间插入了某些成分，而使句子显得支离破碎，造成对句子结构的误解。倒装句型的基本结构：(1)完全倒装；(2)部分倒装：1）在特殊疑问句和一般疑问句中；2）so/neither/nor+do/be/have/情态动词主语；3）当虚拟语气的条件从句中省略if时，were, had, 和should应置于句首，采用倒装结构；4）表示祝愿的句子：may+主语+动词原形；5）as, though引导让步状语从句时：提前部分+as+主语+谓语动词；6）表示否定意义的副词、介词短语和连词词组置于句首；7）当not until+时间状语从句置于句首时，主句应采用倒装结构，而从句仍用正常语序；8）not onlybut also连接两个句子时，第一个句子采用倒装结构，第二个句子不采用倒装结构；9）no soonertham, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen都表示“一就”，强调过去的两个动作接连发生，当no sooner, hardly和scarcely置于句首时，主句常把had置于主语之前，采用倒装结构，但从句不倒装。 10）only+副词/介词短语/宾语/时间状语从句置于句首时，常采用倒装，但only+主语则不应采用倒装；11）在so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，将so+adj./adv.或such置于句首时，其主句常采用倒装结构。强调句型，感叹句，并列句的应用。独立主格结构。1) n+to do; 2) n+doing; 3) n+done; 4)n+prep.+n.; 5) n+adj/adv; 6)n+n; 7) with+n+to do/doing/done/adj/adv/prep+n.1. he said he would do what he could_ us.a. helpb. to helpc. helpingd. helped2. he spent all the money he had_ that dictionary.a. buyb. to buyc. buyingd. bought3. there are more than three thousand students in my school, most of_ from the country.a. thatb. whichc. whomd. them4. it is his cleverness, not his strenth, _ defeated his rival.a. thatb. whichc. whatd. who5. the way you think of_ our living conditions sounds reasonable.a. improveb. to improvec. improvingd. improvement6. i feel strongly that whatever you_ matter to me.a. dont b. do doesntc. dont dod. doesnt do7. is this school_ you studied in two years ago?a. thatb. whenc. itd. the one8. please tell me the way thought of_ the garden.a. take care ofb. to take care ofc. taking care ofd. how to take care of9. mr wang was much disappointed to see the washing machine he had had_ went wrong again.a. it repairedb. to be repaired c. repairedd. repairing10. we will do everything we can_ our city.a. to saveb. savec. savingd. saved11. the air quality in beijing as well as in the neighboring cities we once spent much time_ better and better.a. in gettingb. having gotc. in is gettingd. has got12. who did the teacher, as well as the monitor, _ an article for the wall newspaper?a. has writeb. has writtenc. have writed. have written13. what do you consider_ to her?a. to happenb. happeningc. happenedd. happens14. mr reed made up his mind to devote all he had to_ some schools for poor children.a. set upb. setting upc. have set upd. having set up15. to his joy, the day he looked forward to_ at last?a. comingb. comec. camed. have come16. how long do you think it is_ she arrived here?a. whenb. thatc. befored. since1-5 bcdab 6-10 bdbca 11-16 cccbcd第3讲一、language points1. owe sb sth=owe sth to sb:欠某人某物 owe sth to sb/sth: 将归功于 owing to: 由于 thanks to/because of/due to2. think highly/poorly/little/a lot +of sb/sth speak highly/well/badly +of sb/sth sing high praise for sb/sth3. apologize to sb for (doing) sth make an apology to sb for (doing) sth excuse sb for (doing) sth forgive sb for (doing) sth pardon sb for (doing) sth4. make an impression on sb have an impression of sth impress sth on/upon ones mindserve in the army on the office serve the people/the dish serve sb with sth=serve sth to sb serve as the chairmanmake jokes about: 取笑， 拿开玩笑make a joke about laugh at: 嘲笑 have a joke with sb: 开某人的玩笑 play a joke on sb=play tricks on sb: 戏弄 in joke: 闹着玩，开玩笑7. to do its time+ for sth for sb to do sth that-clause（一般过去时）8. the one/ones:替代同类事物中特指一个或一些 one: 替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个，表泛指 it: 指上文提到的同一个事物 that: 替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词9. none: 用来回答how many/how much引导的问句，常与of连用 no one: 只能指人，用来回答who引导的问句 neither: 两者都不，表单数 nothing: 用于指物，用来回答what引导的问句10. cloth 布(u.): a piece of cloth 表示某种特殊用途的布块（桌布）：wipe up the water with a cloth. clothes: 衣服，服装。是一个没有单数形式的复数名词： a suit of clothes 注：不能直接用数词修饰，但可用many, few, his, my, thse之类的词修饰，作主语时谓语动词用复数。 clothing: 服装，衣着。是一个无复数形式的物质名词，除衣服外，还包括幌子，手套，鞋袜之类的东西，作主语时谓语动词用单数。a piece of clothing, an artcle of clothing dress: 指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。 suit: 成套的衣服。11. live: 活着，有生命的(作定语，主要用来指鸟或其他动物)，实况直播的 lively: 活泼的，有生气的，生动的 alive: 活着的，还有气儿的，是表语形容词，在句中作表语或后置定语 living: 活着，健在的，现行的12. receive: 收到，接到(客观动作)；accept: 接受，领受(主观意愿) 接受教育、惩罚、支持，遭受不幸，接待客人：只用receive 接受某条件、建议：只用acceptturn+adj: 常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象 the weather has turned much colder. go+adj: 常表示由好变坏的情况：the milk went wrong/bad. become+adj: 强调施动者的作用或变化的结果 please dont get angry. come+adj: 一般表示向好的方面变化。 my dream has come true.14. 含有插入语的疑问句：what do you think has happened to him?how do you suppose the film will end?why do you believe he is unfit for the office?15. 主从复合句的反意疑问句：疑问部分根据主句确定，但是主句的主语是i/we, 谓语是think /suppose /believe /hope /imagine /expect /guess /know /feel /be sure /be told时，疑问部分根据从句确定，否定转移时，疑问部分用肯定语气。she think it is a good idea, doesnt she?i think it is a good idea, isnt it?i dont think it is a good idea, is it?二、语法专题代词的考点1. 不定代词：(1)all, any, none, both, either, neither; (2)another, other, the other, others, the others; (3)复合不定代词：someone, anyone, everyone, no one; something, anything, everything, nothing.2. it的用法：(1)it作实意代词，代替日期、时间、季节、距离；代替身份不明的人，心目中的人和事以及代替上文已提到的或下文将要提到的人、物或某种情况；代替指示代词this, that。(2)it作引导词：作形式主语和形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词和从句；it用于强调句型。3. 替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法。4. 人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别，反身代词则要注意和主语一致。三、题型归纳习语、搭配型单项填空语言的习惯表达是语言在长期使用过程中的结果，不能随意改变。其表现形式主要在介词短语、名词短语及非谓语动词短语的习惯搭配等方面。习语、搭配型单项填空主要考查对英语习语及搭配的掌握和运用，这就需要在平时多加注意和积累，切不可想当然。1. 介词后的宾语：介词后面常接名词、代词、动名词作宾语，但是，在考试时要注意一些习惯用法。如：far from satisfied/over; take sth for granted; in hospital与in the hospital; at sea与at the sea。2. 冠词的增删：固定搭配中名词前的冠词的有无都是习惯用法，若去掉或增加，都会使其意思发生变化。如：in prison与in the prison; in bed与on the bed; in school与in the school; in possession of与in the possession of; in charge of与in the charge of; in front of与in the front of。3. 非谓语动词短语的考查重点：一是非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系；二是非谓语动词与谓语动词所表示动作的时间先后关系；三是非谓语动词的习惯用法。另外，有些非谓语动词短语已经从非谓语动词短语中游离了出来，而成为表达某种意思的固定搭配。如：to be true; to tell you the truth; to be exact; judging by/from; exactly speaking; frankly speaking; compared to/with等。4. 动词的搭配。如：mean to do sth/mean doing sth; forget to do sth/forget doing sth; be used to doing sth/used to do sth; head for/go to; lend to/borrow from; set about/set out; write down/take down/put down等。5. 动词短语。如：have a cold/catch cold; take place/take ones place等。6. 短语动词。如：run out/run out of; stick to/keep on; bring in/bring on等。7. 形容词短语。如：be strict with/in; different from/in; be careful of/with等。8. 名词短语。如：the number of/a number of; a knowledge of等。1. no matter what you see, dont take it for_, but use your head to think it over.a. grantb. grantingc. grantedd. grantness2. when writing, he often keeps a dictionary_.a. in handb. on handc. at handd. hand in3. his wife often goes to_ on sundays.a. churchb. a churchc. the churchd. churching4. it is good for you in your future life_ english.a. have good knowledge ofb. to have good knowledge ofc. to have a good knowledge ofd. has a good knowledge of5. _ what he said, he has been to australia.a. judge byb. judged byc. judging fromd. to judge from6. she is always ready to help others and asking for nothing_.a. in returnb. in casec. in additiond. in turn7. they held a ceremony_ those killed in the battle.a. instead ofb. in favor ofc. by means of d. in honor of8. the man_ the shop said we could have two days off.a. in charge ofb. in the charge ofc. take charge ofd. take the charge of9. when they got to america, they nearly_ money.a. ran outb. ran out ofc. ran away d. ran away from10. word came that brown_ the record in yesterdays match.a. madeb. strokec. beat d. hit11. look, little betty is giving a talk to the children and is_ a teacher.a. somebody ofb. anybody likec. something ofd. like anything12. mr wang is very old, but he works like a young man. in deed, i cant admire him_.a. very muchb. so wellc. too muchd. quite well1-6 ccacca 7-12 dabccc第4讲一、language points1. sth sth for sth prepare+ for sth to do sth be prepared for be prepared to do sth make preparations forthey tied for first place in the game.we tied with the visiting team in the basketball match.the dog is tied to a tree.3. affect vt. 影响 effect n. 效果，作用 have a good/bad effect on in effect事实上 cause and effect因果 take effect生效，起作用 come into effect生效，实行 effort n. 努力 without effort毫不费力 make every effort尽一切努力 spare no effort不遗余力weigh vt. 称的重量 vi. 重达， 重量为 put on weight lose weight by weight in meters/pounds/calories by the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton in参加比赛 compete+ with/against与竞赛/竞争 for角逐，为获取而竞赛where there is a river, th