英语四级语法.doc

u 英语四级语法u 英语四级语法精讲否定大学英语四级考试涉及的语法知识点多、涉及面宽，对不少考生来说都是一个难题。希望通过本专题的学习，考生能对四级语法有更全面的掌握！否定：全部否定和部分否定All the birds can not fly.Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。1. 部分否定eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。代词或副词如all，both，every，everybody，every day，everyone，everything，everywhere等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是等。eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.2. 全部否定英语中常用not，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，neither，never等表示全部否定的概念。eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。eg. W: Daddy, I ve decided to give up science and go to business school.M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?A. The man doesnt have money for his daughters graduate studies.B. The man doesnt think his daughter will get a business degree.C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.双重否定1.在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not，never，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，few，little，none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。2. 形式否定，意义肯定A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎么耐心也不为过。A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生再怎么严格也不为过。这种形式主要运用于阅读当中。u 英语四级语法基础知识动词（1）u 英语四级语法基础知识：动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等)时态1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成)：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成)：过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作。Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时：将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作。By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成)：将来某时已发生的事。I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.语态可以有两种被动结构的类型，例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的有assume，believe，expect，fear，feel，know，presume，report，say，suppose，understand等。It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义，例如：Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态双宾语结构的被动语态：双宾语结构变为被动语态时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.宾补结构的被动语态：She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短语动词：1.Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2.Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3.Vi + prep (有被动语态)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.4.Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.5.Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6.Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7.Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.英语四级语法基础知识：在以as，than，when，if，unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中，如果谓语包含有动词be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it，就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉。Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.在以than 或as 引起的从句中，常会有一些成分省略。He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.英语四级语法基础知识：1. 如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with，together with，as well as，as much as，no less than，more than等引导的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式。Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.l 代词作主语时的一致each，either，neither和由some，any，no，every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?some, few, both, many 等作复数some 可后接复数，也可接单数，表示某一。None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数，也可接不可数名词 (all of the, most of the )， 动词用单数。由and 或 both and 连接名词词组时，后用复数；由not onlybut (also)，eitheror，neithernor或 or 连接的并列主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致。Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police，cattle，poultry (家禽)，militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数。Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定。His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形，可根据意思决定谓语动词的数：This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.表示时间，重量，长度，价值等的名词，尽管仍是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的)：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.书名，国家名用单数：Tales