2014年职称英语短文.doc

Approaches to Understanding Intelligences了解智力的途径It pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.聪明是好事，但是聪明的方式并不相同。你也许是一个天才音乐家，但是未必在阅方面可能就那么优秀。我们每一个个体都是不同的。Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences.心理学家们在智力、天赋和个人能力上无法的定义上意见不一。对于智力，心理学家有两种观点：有的心理学家相信一般智力的存在，而另外的则认为智力是多种多样的。Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.有的心理学家认为有一种智力可以通过智商测试来衡量。这些心理学家援引了一份报告来支持他们的观点。报告中说，在一种智能测试中有优异表现的在其他测试中也会表现很好。无论是词汇、数字、画面还是写作或者口语，无论单人测试还是团队测试，他们都表现得很好。而那些在一种测试中表现不好的人在所有的测试中表现都一样。Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .对大脑的研究表明，一般智力是有它的生物学基础的。高智力人群解决问题的时候大脑会消耗更少的能量。有更高智力的人的脑波也显示他们有更快的反应。一些研究人员推断智力的差异源于大脑处理信息的速度和效率。Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children. He believes that all children are different and shouldnt be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesnt think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .哈佛大学教育学院的心理学家HG有四个子女。他相信所有的孩子都不同，不能用单一的方法来检测他们的智力。尽管Gardner相信一般智力的存在，但是他不认为这能反映一个人在正规教育之外有什么天赋 。他认为人脑有不同的智力。这些智力让我们有能力解决生活中遇到的问题。这些智能赋予我们每个人不同的才能。G相信教育的目的是鼓励我们发展所有方面的智力。Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose. Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .G表示他的理论基于生物学。例如，当大脑的一部分受伤，其他部分还是会照常工作。因为脑损伤而不能说话的人依旧有唱歌的能力。所以可能丧失的智力不是只有一种。G确定了8种智力：语言能力、数学能力、空间能力、音乐能力、人际交往能力、内在认知、运动能力和感受自然的能力。第八篇TheMirSpaceStation1TheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.在人类长期空间飞行方面领先了15年的俄国和平号空间站在2001年回归。它因其在人类空间飞行史上的成就而被人们记住。它在太空领域占有很多第一次。2During Mirslifetime,RussiaspentaboutUS$4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthestation.在和平号使用期间俄国花了大约42亿美元建造和维护空间站。3TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto 162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.1986年2月20日苏联发射了被设计能使用35年的和平号。它在12年零7个月里负载了104位宇航员，他们大部分都不是俄国人。事实上，它作为来自11个国家162个宇航员的东道主成为第一个国际空间站。从1995年到1998年，来自美国的37位宇航员轮流在和平号上各住了6个月之久。他们是在宇宙飞船中途停留时来参观过的37位美国人中的几个。 Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.美国为参观而支付的4亿多美元不仅使和平号继续工作而且给在国际空间站项目中的美国人和他们的搭档们提供了宝贵的长期飞行和多国合作方面的经验。AdebatecontinuesoverMirscontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandearnedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarccreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace. 关于和平号空间站对科学的贡献方面的争论不断。在和平号存在的时间里，它是23000个实验的实验室，并且携带了许多国家提供的价值约八千万美元的科学仪器。一系列的发现要归功于和平号上的实验，从第一次在太空有效地测量重氦原子的量到怎样在太空种小麦。Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,Mirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelong enoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.对那些对人类的太空探索有兴趣的人来说，和平号告诉人们人可以在太空工作和生活的时间足够到达火星。在太空中一次停留昀长的时间是俄国宇航员瓦雷利波里亚科夫从1994年到1995年在和平号上停留的437.7天。吉阿维德耶夫三次到太空站共计停留了747.6天。美国人在空间站停留昀长的一次是珊农露西的那一次，她1996年在和平号上停留了188天。 DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir,In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.尽管和平号完成了很多第一次，但1997年是它15年中的一个坏年头。1997年一个氧气发生器着火了。后来主计算机崩溃导致太空始几次失控。除此之 外还有一些动力失败事故。Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMirsreputationasaspacestationwasruined.这些问题中的大部分都在美国的帮助和支持下被解决了，但是和平号作为太空站名声扫地。Mirssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butitstimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.但是，和它的成就相比和平号这些挫折算不了什么。和平号是一个巨大的成功，它将作为太空探索中的里程碑和显示人类有可能在太空长期生活的太空站而被记住。但是到了开始下一代的时候了。正在建造的太空站将更好，但这要归功于和平号。词汇:pioneer/7paiE5niE/n.开拓helium/5hi:ljEm/n.氦accomplishment/E5kCmpliFmEnt/n.成就aboard/E5bC:d/prep.在(船、飞机、车)上credit/5kredit/v.归功于setback/5setbAk/n.挫折host/hEust/n.主人milestone/5mailstEun/n.里程碑stopover/5stRpEJvE(r)/n.中途短暂停留habitation/7hAbi5teiFEn/n.居住multinational/mQltI5nAFEn(E)l/adj.多国的debt/det/n.债ration/5rAFEn/n.含量14注释:1.playhostto：当东道主2.sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.来自美国的七位宇航员轮流在和平号上各住了六个月之久。taketurns：轮流livingonMirforuptosixmonthseach是现在分词短语，用作状语。3.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations：在和平号存在的时间里，它是进行23000个实验的实验室，并携带了许多国家提供的价值估计为8000万美元的科学仪器。estimatedtobeworth$80million是过去分词短语，用作定语。36.We can learn from the passage that the Mir Space StationA. was designed to last over 5 years.B. played host to7 astronauts from different countries.C. was visited only by Americans.D. was built by Russians.37.One of the contributions Mir makes to science is that itA. help astronauts get close to Mars.B. enables scientists to develop new scientific equipment.C. sets a record of the longest single human stay in space.D. shows that multinational operations in space are less expensive.38.What happened to Mir in 1997?A. it ran out its fund.B. it was completely damaged by fire.C. its reputation was ruined due to power failures.D. its main computer system broke out.39.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA. space exploration will not experience setbacks.B. it is difficult for other space stations exceed Mirs success.C. Mir is the best long-term human habitation in space in history.D. multinational space operation are getting more accomplishments.40.What is the authors attitude toward Mir?A. indifferent. B. ironic. C. favorable. D.negative分析：36【题目分析】细节题 较难 【命题分析】本题需要对文章有一个整体的了解。根据文章第二段可以知道，空间站是苏联建造的，所以D正确，其余选项和文章不符。37.【题目分析】细节题 较难 【命题分析】根据文章第五段The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. 可知C正确。其他选项未提到。38.【题目分析】细节题 较难 【命题分析】根据1997定位文章倒数第三段。通过阅读我们可以知道发生了两件事：起火和主电脑系统崩溃。B选项提到了起火，但是competely表述不正确，所以选D。39.【题目分析】细节题 较难 【命题分析】根据题干定位文章最后一段可知ABC表述不正确，所以选D。40.【题目分析】态度题 简单 【命题分析】解答这类问题需要对全文有了解，并且能够明白作者的感情。文章对空间站持表扬态度，所以选C。第八篇和平号空间站在人类长期空间飞行方面领先了15年的俄国和平号空间站在2001年回归。它因其在人类空间飞行史上的成就而被人们记住。它在太空领域占有很多第一次。在和平号使用期间俄国花了大约42亿美元建造和维护空间站。1986年2月20日苏联发射了被设计能使用35年的和平号。它在12年零7个月里负载了104位宇航员，他们大部分都不是俄国人。事实上，它作为来自11个国家62个宇航员的东道主成为第一个国际空间站。从1995年到1998年，来自美国的7位宇航员轮流在和平号上各住了6个月之久。他们是在宇宙飞船中途停留时来参观过的37位美国人中的几个。美国为参观而支付的4亿多美元不仅使和平号继续工作而且给在国际空间站项目中的美国人和他们的搭档们提供了宝贵的长期飞行和多国合作方面的经验。关于和平号空间站对科学的贡献方面的争论不断。在和平号存在的时间里，它是23000个实验的实验室，并且携带了许多国家提供的价值约八千万美元的科学仪器。一系列的发现要归功于和平号上的实验，从第一次在太空有效地测量重氦原子的量到怎样在太空种小麦。对那些对人类的太空探索有兴趣的人来说，和平号告诉人们人可以在太空工作和生活的时间足够到达火星。在太空中一次停留昀长的时间是俄国宇航员瓦雷利波里亚科夫从1994年到1995年在和平号上停留的437.7天。吉阿维德耶夫三次到太空站共计停留了747.6天。美国人在空间站停留昀长的一次是珊农露西的那一次，她1996年在和平号上停留了188天。尽管和平号完成了很多第一次，但1997年是它15年中的一个坏年头。1997年一个氧气发生器着火了。后来主计算机崩溃导致太空始几次失控。除此之外还有一些动力失败事故。这些问题中的大部分都在美国的帮助和支持下被解决了，但是和平号作为太空站名声扫地。但是，和它的成就相比和平号这些挫折算不了什么。和平号是一个巨大的成功，它将作为太空探索中的里程碑和显示人类有可能在太空长期生活的太空站而被记住。但是到了开始下一代的时候了。正在建造的太空站将更好，但这要归功于和平号。Eye-tracker Lets You Drag and Drop Files with a GlanceBored of using a mouse? Soon youll be able to change stuff on your computer screenand then move it directly onto your smartphone or tablet with nothing more than a glance.受够整天用鼠标了？很快你就可以更改电脑屏幕上的文件然后直接把它们移动到你的智能手机和平板电脑里除了一个眼神，其他什么也不需要。A system called EyeDrop uses a head-mounted eye tracker that simultaneously records your field of view so it knows where you are looking on the screen. Gazing at an objecta photo, say and then pressing a key, selects that object. It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or smartphone just by glancing at the second device, as long as the two are connected wirelessly.这个系统叫做Eyedrop。它应用了一个安装在头部能自动记录你的视野的眼球跟踪器，所以它能够知道你在看屏幕的那个部位。盯住一个文件，比如说一张照片，然后按一个按钮选择这个文件。接下来只要再看一眼平板电脑或者智能手机，文件就会被从屏幕上移动到你看的设备里。The beauty of using gaze to support this is that our eyes naturally focus on content that we want to acquire, says Jayson Turner, who developed the system with colleagues at Lancaster University, UK.“使用眼神来支持这种操作的美感在于我们的眼睛会集中在我们想要获得的信息上，” 和英国兰开斯特大学的同事们一道研发了这个系统的JT说。Turner believes EyeDrop would be useful to transfer an interactive map or contact information from a public display to your smartphone or for sharing photos.Turner相信，在把交互式地图或者联系信息从公共屏幕转移到智能手机上或者以照片形式共享的方面，Eyedrop会提供巨大的帮助。A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at otherwise you end up with the Midas touch (点石成金) effect, whereby everything you look at gets selected by your gaze, says Turner. Imagine if your mouse clicked on everything it pointed at, he says.“这项操作需要一个按钮来选择你正在看着的文件，否则就会演变成迈达斯之触（点石成金），即你所看的所有文件都会被选择。” 特纳说。“想象一下你的鼠标会点选所有它指向的文件，”他补充道。Christian Holz, a researcher in human-computer interaction at Yahoo Labs in Sunny vale, California, says the system is a nice take on getting round this fundamental problem of using gaze-tracking to interact. EyeDrop solves this in a slick way by combining it with input on the touch devices we carry with us most of the time anyway and using touch input as a clutching mechanism, he says. This now allows users to seamlessly interact across devices far and close in a very natural manner.CH，一个在加州森尼维尔市雅虎实验室工作的人机交互的研究人员表示，这个系统对解决视觉捕捉进行交互的基本问题进行了一次漂亮的尝试。“ED用一种非常巧妙的方式解决了这个问题。它把这个问题与几乎不离身的触摸设备上的输入相结合并把触摸输入作为一种离合器机制。它使得用户能够以一种非常自然的方式实现远端设备和近端设备的无缝交互。”While current eye-trackers are rather bulky, mainstream consumer devices are not too far away. Swedish firm Tobii is developing gaze-tracking technology that can be installed in laptops and tablets and is expected to be available to buy next year. And the Google Glass headset is expected to include eye-tracking in the future.虽然目前的眼球追踪器体积还是很大，但是它离成为主流消费性设备已经不远了。瑞典公司Tobii 正在开发能安装在笔记本电脑和平板电脑上的眼神追踪设备，预计明年可以购买。未来发布的谷歌眼镜也会应用眼球追踪器。Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touchscreen. The system was presented at the Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Sweden, last week.特纳说，他正在研究通过眼神和在触屏上的点击的组合来实现内容的剪贴或者拖拽。这个系统在上周在瑞典举行的移动和泛在多媒体会议发布。41.The eye-tracker technology enables us to A. change our computerscreen. B. focus onanything that interests us. C. get a smartphone connected wirelessly. D. move an object from screen with a glance.【题目类型】细节题 简单【题目解析】定位第一段可知eye-tracker是为了能是用户通过眼神的动作来实现文件的拖拽，也就是D。42.Why is a button needed? A. To minimize the cost of EyeDrop. B. To choose as many objects as possible. C. To make EyeDrop different from others. D. To select what we want.【题目类型】句意理解 简单【题目解析】定位第五段第一句A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at可知D正确。43.The word “this” in Paragraph 6 refers to A. application ofgaze-tracking in human-computer interaction. B. interaction between human and computer. C. combination of gaze-tracking with input on touch devices. D. generalization of EyeDrop system.【题目类型】词汇指代 简单【题目解析】This所在的是第六段的主题句，也就是对本段的总结，所以this指代的是前文描述的内容，也就是gaze-tracking和触摸设备的结合，即C。44.Which of the following statements is true of eye-trackers for consumer users? A. They arecostly. B. They areavailable. C. They are installed in Google Glass headset. D. They are expected to come out soon.【题目类型】文意理解 较难【题目解析】定位文章倒数第二段第一句mainstream consumer devices are not too far away可知，所以选择D。45.What is Turner likely to study next? A. How to dragand drop with gaze and taps. B. How to presentthe system in public. C. How to get touch screen involved. D. How to cut andpaste content from a public display.【题目类型】文意理解 较难【题目解析】由最后一段第一句可知Turner的研究方向是eye-trackers和touch screen的结合，所以选C。The Northern Lights 北极光 The sun is stormy and has its own kind of weather. It is so hot and active that even the Suns gravity cannot hold its atmosphere in check! Energy flows away from the Sun toward the Earth in a stream of electrified particles that move at speeds around a million miles per hour. These particles are called plasma, and the stream of plasma coming from the Sun is called the solar wind. The more active the Sun, the stronger the solar wind. 太阳是非常狂暴的，它有自己独特的气候。太阳内部非常热而且十分活跃，甚至太阳自身的引力都无法控制住它自己的大气。能量以带电粒子流的形式以大约一百万英里的时速从太阳表面向地球喷涌而出。这些带电粒子流被称作等离子体，来自太阳的等离子流被称为太阳风。太阳活动越频繁，太阳风就越强。 The solar wind constantly streams toward the Earth, but dont worry because a protective magnetic field surrounds our planet. The same magnetic field that makes your compass point north also steers the particles from the Sun to the north and south poles. The charged particles become trapped in magnetic belts around the Earth. When a large blast of solar wind crashes into the Earths magnetic field, the magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect. 太阳风持续地向“吹”向地球，但是无须担心，因为我们的星球有一层保护性的磁场。这个使你的指南针指向北方的磁场同样会把来自太阳的粒子引导到南北极。这些带电粒子被困在了地球周围的磁力带中。当太阳风爆发并撞击地球磁场时，地球磁场首先被挤压，然后磁场线断开又闭合。 The breaking and reconnecting of the magnetic field lines can cause atomic particles called electrons trapped in the belts to fall into the Earths atmosphere at the poles. As the electrons fall into the Earth, they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere, creating flashes of light in the sky. 磁场线的断开和闭合会导致被束缚在磁力带中的被称为电子的原子粒子落入两极的大气中。当电子落入地球的时候，它们会和空气中的气体分子发生碰撞，在空中制造出闪光。 Each atmospheric gas glows a different color. Oxygen and nitrogen glows red and green and nitrogen glows violet-purple. As these various colors glow and dance in the night sky, they create the Northern Lights and the Southern Lights. 每种大气气体会发出不同的颜色。氧气和氮气发红光和绿光，氮气发蓝紫光。当这些不同的颜色在夜空中闪烁舞动时，就形成了北极光和南极光。 Watching auroras(北极光)is fun and exciting, but normally you can only see them in places far north like Alaska and Canada. The movement of the aurora across the sky is usually slow enough to easily follow with your eyes but they can also pulsate(跳动), flicker(闪烁), or even move like waves. During solar maximum, auroras are seen as far south as Florida, even Mexico! Auroras often seem to be very close to the ground, but the lowest aurora is still about100 kilometers above the ground, a distance much higher than clouds are formed or airplanes can fly. A typical aurora band can be thousands of kilometers long, a few hundred kilometers high, but only a few hundred meters thick. 观赏北极光很有趣，也很令人兴奋。但是通常你只能在遥远的北方，比如阿拉斯加和加拿大，才能看到。横过天空的极光移动速度通常很慢，用肉眼就能轻易观测。但是它们也会跳动、闪烁，甚至像波浪一样运动。在太阳风暴达到最高峰的时候，远在南方的佛罗里达甚至墨西哥都能看到。极光看起来离地面很近，但是最低的极光离地面也有100公里，比云层都高，飞机也不能达到。典型的激极光带有数千公里长，几百公里高，但是只有几百米厚。 We hope you are able to travel to far-north places like the Arctic Circle and see the Northern Lights at least once during your lifetime. We know you will never forget it!希望你在有生之年至少能去遥远的北方地区，比如北极圈，旅游一次，观赏极光。这场景会使你终生难忘。36.The solar wind comes into being as a result of_ A. disappearance of the Suns