英语语法基础知识——不定式.doc

动 词 不 定 式 （一） 一、不定式的形式和意义不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，通常前面带有小品词to，有时也可以不带to，可以和助动词和情态动词构成谓语，但不定式在句中不能单独作谓语，不受句子主语的人称和数的限制，其否定形式是直接在其前面加not，而不需要借助于助动词。不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，其逻辑主语可以是句子的主语，但有时也可以是句子中的其它成分，这需要根据上下文判定。不定式没有时的特征，但有体和语态的形式。以动词do为例，不定式的体和语态的变化形式见下表：主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/1. 不定式的一般式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生，在表示原因时，不定式所表示的动作发生的时间在谓语动词的动作之前；在表示目的和结果时，不定式所表示的动作发生的时间在谓语动词的动作之后。e.g. I) Who heard him say that?II) They invited us to go there in the summer.2. 不定式的完成式，即：to have done + 过去分词，表示一个先于谓语动词之前就已经发生的动作或状态，通常表示其动作在谓语动词之前已经完成。e.g. I) Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.II) She seemed to have heard about it already.【注】在desire, expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, promise, think, want, wish, be to 和would/should like后面的不定式完成式可以表示没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。e.g. I) I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.II) He was to have given the first talk, but he came late.3. 不定式的进行式，即to be + -ing分词，通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。e.g. I) They are said to be building another bridge across the river.据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。II) He pretended to be looking for a book.4. 不定式的完成进行体，即：to have been + 进行分词，通常表示其动作在谓语动词之前已经开始并一直在进行，该动作有可能会继续进行下去或有可能刚刚停止。e.g. I) We are happy to have been working with you.II) He appears to have been waiting a long time.5不定式的被动语态一般来说，当不定式的逻辑主语表示动作的执行者时，不定式应用主动语态；当不定式的逻辑主语表示动作的承受者时，不定式应用被动语态。如：e.g. I) Its an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我受邀在这里讲话，深感荣幸。II) She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. 她宁愿分给她的是更重的工作。【注】在下面几种情况下，不定式的主动形式表示的被动意义：a) 当名词或代词被动词give，show，find或 consider等支配时，通常用不定式的主动式表示被动意义，如：e.g. I) They found the lecture hard to understand. 他们发现这报告不好懂。II) He will show you the right path to take. 他将告诉你该走什么道路。b) 在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable后面作补语的不定式的主动式表示被动意义，如：e.g. I) He is not easy to convince. 他不容易被说服。II) Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. 总是被公众关注有时可能令人难以忍受。c) 在there be引导的句型中，修饰主语的不定式可以用主动式作定语，强调的是人；如果用不定式的被动式，强调的则是物。如：e.g. I) There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).还有好些事要处理。II) Are there any more items to put (to be put) on the agenda?还有什么别的项目该列入议程？d) 在有些不定式作补语的句型中，不定式的主动式表示被动意义，如：e.g. I) Who is to blame for it? 该怪谁呢？II) The reason is not far to seek. 原因不难找。二、不定式在句中的功能1. 作主语：不定式作主语时，可以放在句首；也常用it作为形式主语，放在句首代替不定式，而将不定式移到句子后面，使句子显得比较平衡，在这种情况下，有时用“for/of + 代词/名词”表示不定式的逻辑主语。如：e.g. I) To complete that building in ten months was a great achievement. (= It was a great achievement to complete that building in ten months.那座楼十个月就盖成了是一个了不起的成就。II) It is not an easy thing to master a language. 掌握一门语言是不容易的。III) It is a great honor for us to be present at this party.我们来参加这个大会是很荣幸的。IV) It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal.他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。【注】在以某些形容词如：kind，good，nice，wise，unwise，clever，silly，wrong，right，foolish，stupid，careless，considerate (体谅人的)，rude，naughty等表示人的特性的形容词作表语时，不定式前通常用of代词/名词表示不定的逻辑主语，否则用for名词/代词。2. 作宾语许多动词可直接跟不定式做单宾语或双宾语中的直接宾语，后面常常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：afford (经得起), agree, attempt, begin, care, choose, claim (声称), continue, decide, decline (拒绝), demand, expect, help, hope, intend, like, love, manage, mean, neglect (忽视), offer, plan, prefer, prepare, promise, propose (提议), refuse, remember, start, try, undertake (承诺), want, wish等。e.g. I) They proposed to attack the city at dawn.他们打算在拂晓时对这座城市发起进攻。II) I cant afford to buy a car. 我买不起小汽车。有些动词后面常常跟可跟疑问代词或疑问副词how, what, where, whether, which, who, whom + 不定式结构作宾语。常见的有：advice, ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, forget, instruct (指示), know, learn, remember, see, show, teach, tell, think, warn, wonder等。e.g. I) No one could tell me where to get the book.没有人能告诉我哪里能找到这本书。II) He didnt know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the words.听了这话他是啼笑皆非。还有一些动词通常跟名词或代词 + 不定式这种复合宾语结构。这时动词不定式也可以称为宾语补足语。这类动词很多，下面仅列出一些常用的有代表性的动词：allow, appoint (任命), ask, assist (帮助), authorize (授权), believe, cause, compel (迫使), consider, drive, enable (使能够), encourage, entitle (使有权利), expect, force, get, help, inspire (鼓舞), lead (使得), oblige (逼迫), permit, require, suppose等等。e.g. I) His conscience compelled him to tell the truth.他的良知促使他讲出了真情。II) I expect there to be a bright future.【注1】 believe, consider, declare, feel, find, suppose, take, think 等动词可跟宾语以及不定式to be + 形容词或名词短语构成复合宾语结构，有时to be可以省略。e.g. I) They considered themselves (to be) very tolerant, but nobody else did.他们认为自己很很有忍耐力，但其他人并不这样认为。II) They found the answer (to be) quite satisfactory.他们对答复感到很满意。【注2】在有些复合宾语结构中，常用it作形式宾语，而把不定式置于宾语补足语之后。e.g. I) She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it.她觉得没有必要和他辩论。II) They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.他们发现不可能把一切按时准备好。【注3】有些动词后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式中的to可省去。属于这类结构的动词通常是感官动词如：feel, hear, listen to, look at, hear, notice, observe, perceive (觉察), see, smell, watch 和使役动词如：have, let, make。如：e.g. I) Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 我们突然觉得气氛紧张起来。II) What make you think like that? 是什么使你这样想？但是这种句子如果变成被动结构，to就不能不要。如：e.g. I) They were made to work day and night. 他们被迫日夜干活。II) Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 听见有人上楼。【注4】有些短语动词，如：call on (号召), count upon (指望), depend on (依赖), long for (渴望), rely on (依赖), wait for等后面也可以用这种名词或代词 + 不定式复合宾语结构。e.g. I) The government calls on the public to fight against piracy (盗版).II) We are all longing for the new term to begin.动 词 不 定 式（二） 3作表语同时，不定式还可用作表语，表示主语的具体内容，也可以表示主语的目的、结果、同意、安排、命令、决定和劝告等意义，其主语可以是抽象名词、带to的不定式或以 what引导的名词性从句。如果作表语的不定式含有疑问意义，可以根据要表达的具体意义在不定式前面加what, which, when, where, whether 和how等疑问词。e.g. I) The most important thing is to put theory into practice.II) To do this would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 这样做是削足适履。III) Our difficulty is where to find a guide.【注】如果主语分句或修饰主语的定语分句中部分中有all, what, 或形容词最高级等限制性比较强的词，并且使用了实义动词do 的限定或非限定形式，作表语的不定式中的to 可以省略。e.g. I) The best we can do is remember our seven astronauts, our Challenger Seven.我们所能做到的最好方式是铭记住我们的7位宇航员，我们挑战者号的7位勇士。II) All I did was (to) give him a little push.III) What they want to do is get the whole thing over so they can sit down and watchTV.他们要做的是把不得不做的事一劳永逸地做完，然后可以坐下来看电视。4. 作定语不定式作定语通常置于它所要修饰的词语之后，一般表示将要发生的动作，带有将要、可能、应该、必须和需要的意义。有时不定式与它所修饰的词语之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，有时不定式与它所修饰的词语之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系时，此时可以用主动形式的表示被动意义，如果这个不定式是不及物动词，它后面就应有必要的介词。e.g. I) He was soon chosen as the man to speak for the party because he was a great orator.他是一个伟大的演说家，因而不久就被选为党的发言人。II) She usually has a lot of meeting to attend.III) Whenever it is cold we have fuel to warm us and sheepskin coats to wear.天冷时，我们有燃料取暖，有羊皮衣御寒。IV) Is this something to be ashamed of?不定式还常常用来修饰与动词或形容词有关联的名词，如wish, hope, need, decision, attempt (试图)，ability, necessity (需要)等等，注意这些名词相对应的动词或形容词后面也可以跟不定式。e.g. I) The enemy failed in their attempt to land on the island.II) You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill (完成) the task.另外，“介词 + which + 不定式”结构也可以起定语作用。e.g. I) She had no time left in which to pack her things. 她没有时间收拾行礼了。II) He had a little money in the bank, with which to help his mother.他银行里有一点存款，用来帮助他的妈妈。5. 作状语不定式作状语可表示原因、目的、结果、条件和行为方式。a) 不定式作状语表示原因时通常用在表示情感和情绪的形容词后。有此用法的形容词有：amazed (吃惊的) , angry, annoyed (苦恼的), anxious (焦虑的), ashamed (惭愧的，羞耻的), confused (困惑的), content (满足的), delighted (高兴的), disappointed, eager, fortunate (幸运的), frightened (害怕的), glad, happy, lucky, proud, sad, shocked (震惊的), slow, sorry, surprised, thankful, unable, unwilling (不情愿的), unwise, willing等。e.g. I) He was annoyed to hear them talk like that.II) We shall be very happy to cooperate (合作) with you in the work.b) 作状语表示目的时，通常置于动词之后，但为了强调目的，也可将不定式位于句首。此外，不定式也常在so as或in order后，不过in order (to) 可置于句首，而so as (to)则不行。e.g. I) To do a good job, we must have the right tools.II) He wore strange clothes so as to show his contempt for the tradition. 他身着奇装异服以示对习俗的蔑视。c) 表示结果的不定式通常位于句子的后半部，往往与表示程度的修饰语联用，最常见的表示结果的动词不定式结构有：such （名词短语）as to .，该结构中的名词或名词短语有时可以省略；so + 形容词（或副词） as to .；形容词（或副词） enough to.；too + 形容词 (或副词) + to .。另外，动词不定式还可能表示一种意外的或令人不愉快的结果，如only to.结构。e.g. I) What have I said to make you so excited?II) He made a long speech, only to show his ignorance of the subject.他讲了一大段话，只暴露出他对这么学问一无所知。III) We found the room not big enough to hold so many people.IV) Your stupidity is such as to make me disappointed. 你傻得令我失望。V) Im just too busy to get a good nights sleep.d) 而表示行为方式的不定式则通常由as if或as though引导。e.g. They walked slowly, as if to prolong (延长) the wonderful evening.6. 作同位语作同位语的不定式常跟在名词或代词后面，有逗号、冒号或破折号与它所要说明的名词或代词分开。e.g. The magazine went on to say that the menu really has two important functions: (1) to sell food; and (2) to repeat and emphasize the unique atmosphere of that restaurant.该杂志接着指出：菜单实际上具有两个重要功能：1）推销食品，2）重申并强调餐馆的独特氛围。三、不定式中to的省略1. 在助动词或情态动词do (does, did), will, shall, would, should, can, may, must （除了ought, have, be）后面，应省略to。e.g. I) They can find a solution.II) Some ancient Egyptians did not eat pork. 一些古埃及人不吃猪肉。2. make, let, watch, see, hear, notice, feel, have, listen to后面跟不定式作其宾语补足语时，不定式中的to的应省略。e.g. I) Father had my brother wash the car yesterday.II) She made me sit at the table.3. 在had better (最好), would rather (宁愿), cannot but (只能) 结构后面应省略不定式中的to; would rather.than.后面也常常跟不带to的不定式。e.g. I) I think I had better take the earliest bus.II) I would rather have rice than have some noodles (面条)4. 两个或两个以上作用相同的不定式并列使用时, 第一个不定式前面有to, 而后面的不定式中的to 可省略。e.g. It was his habit to go out at night and bring gifts to the poor.【注】如果两者之间有对比关系或不定式前有逗号，每个不定式前面都应有to。e.g. It is usually easier to follow rules of social conduct than to depend on ones own taste. 遵循社会行为准则通常要比根据个人的情趣行事容易一些。5. 在why或why not引导的问句中，如果没有主语，to应省略。e.g. Why not try a second time?6. 当不定式用作主语补足语时，如果不定式所表示的意义是动词do意义的延伸，在all.do, what.do, the thing.do等句型中to可以省去。e.g. The bus broke down. The only thing we could do was walk there.7. 作介词except 和but宾语的不定式，如果前面句中的动词是do或have的话，不定式不带to，否则不定式必须要有to。e.g. I) I missed the last bus. I could do nothing but stay in the village for the night.II) They dont talk to anyone except to answer questions.8. help后做宾语补足语的不定式中的to可以省略也可以不省略；如省略to，在上下文清楚的情况下，甚至还可同时将宾语省略。e.g. He helped me (to) repair my radio.1. Have you enjoyed your visit here?Yes, Ill be very sorry _.A. for leaving B. of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving2. Ill help you whenever you need me.Good. Id like _ me tomorrow.A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help3. Where did he go?He went to another store _.A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils4. My baby has a heart trouble.Did the doctor find it difficult _?A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat5. Did the judge ask you many questions?Yes, and _.A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficultC.they were difficult to answer D.they had difficulty in answering6. The lost child desired nothing but _ home.A. go B. to go C. going D. went7. Last summer I took a course on _.A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made8. I know him _ a good basketball player while in college.A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been9. I was surprised _.A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quicklyC. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly10. Now we could not do anything but _ for him here.A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait11. I dont know her and I dont _.A. want B. want to C. want it D. want so12. To play fair is as important as _.A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well13. Its most foolish _ so.A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying14. I have no pen _.A. writing B. to write C. to write with D. to be writing15. Those letters are _ to the countryside right away.A. to be sent B. sending C. to have been sent D. sent16. _ our wishes, we must try our best to work well.A. Realizing B. To realize C. Realized D. Having realized17. Would you please _ on the table?A. dont write B. not to write C. not write D. not writing18. Tom pretended _ something when his mother came in.A. writing B. to write C. to be writing D. being written19. We are all afraid _ by robbers.A. to rob B. to be robbed C. of robbing D. of being robbed20. Im sorry _ off the light when I left the room.A. to forget to turn B. to have forgotten to turnC. to have forgotten turning D. to be forgetting turning21. The child had no choice but _.A. to cry B. cry C. crying D. cried22. Dont take the medicine. It cant help _ rid of your cold.A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets23. Do you get someone _ your clothes?Yes, I often have them _.A. wash/washed B. to wash/washed C. washing/wash D. washed/washing24. They did not observe her _ in and go upstairs.A. to come B. coming C. come D. has come25. You will make great progress in the days _.A. coming B. that to come C. when to come D. to come26. With all her friends and money gone, she really didnt know _.A. how to do B. what to do C. which to do D. when to do27. Does anybody want an extra ticket to go to the play?Whom would you rather have _ with you, George or me?A. to go B. go C. gone D. going28. Can you ride a horse?No, I never had the chance _.A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how29. I didnt hear you _ in last night.Thats good. We tried _ noisy.A. come/not being B. coming/to not be C. coming/not being D. come/not to be30. We advised her _ there at once.A. should get B. gets C. to get D. to getting31. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to have met D. to meet32. He would sit alone and listen to Mary _ the piano.A. to play B. playing C. played D. play33. He is _ honest a man _ a lie.A. so/to tell B. too/to tell C. very/to tell D. such/that tell34. I ran too fast _ where I was going.A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice35. That beggar seems _ anything yesterday.A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didnt eat D. to not have eaten36. To learn to speak English well, _.A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practiceC. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice37. We didnt expect our offer _ so quickly.A. rejected B. to rejected C. to be rejected D. rejecting38. My mother will be sorry _ that news.A. hearing B. to be heard C. when hear D. to hear39. Id rather lose the game _.A. not to hurt him B. not hurt him C. than to hurt him D. than hurt him40. It is Master Wu who taught us _ the machine.A. how to do with B. ran C. how to run D. how could run41. Would you be _ to show me the way to the City Hall?A. good enough B. good enough as C. so good D. as good as42. I went to see him _ him out.A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to find43. She seemed _ at the news.A. surprising B. surprise C. surprised D. to surprise44. The man will do everything he can _ a camera for his wife.A. to get B. got C. buy D. bought45. We have been looking for the boy all the morning, but he is nowhere _.A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. to be seen46. You look light-hearted. Nothing seems _ to you.A. to happen B. to have been happenedC. to have happened D. to be happened47. The matter had better _ as it is.A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left48. I wanted to have him _ the job, but she had it _ instead.A. do/done B. does/doing C. to do/doing D. to do/done49. What he said made us deeply _.A. move B. moved C. to move D. moving50. He likes parties. He is always the first _ and the last _.A. coming/leaving B. to come/leave C. come/leave D. to come/to leave1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise.A. dont B. not C. will not D. not to2. Our master often told us _ things for granted.A. not to have B. not to takeC. didnt take D. not to make3. Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shutC. to not shut D. not shut4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never driving D. never drive6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating7. The workers want us _ together with them.A. work B. working C. to work D. worked8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to goC. for risk to go D. risk going9. I saw him _ out of the room.A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow11. Ive heard him _