考研英语写作精精练.doc

考研英语写作精讲精练1、连词的妙用解析：Why(发问时，答案重要，但向后读的过程中不要忘了问的是什么，也就是说：问题也重要) do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.(看来不是那么容易回答的，那下文就有内容可写了)The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.(引出了论证方向，后面肯定要讲它是怎么回事了。通过这个方式过渡到下面的陈述，但总主题依然是要回答开头的问题。) Sad to say,(有份量的用语)this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.(调研并没有发现实质问题，所以，下面肯定会进一步深入) But(要谈实质了)the sources of distrust(不信任的根源)go way deeper(注意比较级的含义：不信任的根源远不是上面那么肤浅，而是更深，到底怎么样呢？作者要谈自己的分析了). Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each days events. In other words,(因为前面内容重要，怕你理解不了，或者没有说透，所以才变着花样再说一遍)there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.(先谈了standard templates的弊端) There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the standard templates of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.(围绕standard templates进一步展开)In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.(注意把握论证过程) Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots(能推测出意思吗？)in a community.(上一段提出问卷调查，本段展示结果) Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isnt rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.(这便是问卷调查的结论) This(不可小看这个代词，它承上启下)is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly(重点词)a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then (什么作用？)it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But(重要处)it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did,(虚拟语气的作用)it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(有总结论了) 2、精炼有效的句子表达1.我一下船就让一个人给缠住了，他向我兜销一枚钻戒。(I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.) 2.我无意要买钻戒，但我无法掩饰自己还是被钻石的个头给吸引住了。(I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamond.) 3.我们走经一家路边的商店时，他拿起一块钻石，紧紧地按在窗户上，在玻璃上划出了一道很深的印痕。(As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass.) 4.下一个走向我的人是卖贵重钢笔和手表的。(The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches.) 5.我仔细查看了其中的一支钢笔，看起来的确像是真的。在金笔帽的底部整齐地刻着“美国造”字样。(I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words Made in USA were neatly inscribed.) 6.这人讲这支笔值50英镑，但算我面子大，只需30镑便可拿走。(The man said that the pen was worth 50 pounds, but as a special favor, he would let me have it for 30 pounds.) 7.我摇了摇头，伸出了五个手指，意思是我只愿意付5英镑。(I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay 5 pounds.) 8.一边打着手势，嘴里面一边哇哇乱叫着，这人表现得好像感到我的出价让他发疯一般。但他最终还是把价格降到了10英镑。(Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to 10 pounds.) 9.我耸了耸肩膀便迈步走开了，此时，也就是那么一会儿的功夫，他追了上来并将笔塞到了我的手里面。(Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands.) 10.虽然他绝望地不停地向空中甩着胳膊，然而还是很欣然地接过了我给他的那5英镑。(Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the 5 pounds that I gave him.) 11.我为自己杀价的本领沾沾自喜、得意忘形，但回到船上后这种感觉便荡然无存了。无论我怎么摆弄，就是没办法将这支漂亮的笔灌上墨水。时至今日，它还没写出过一个字呢。(I was especially pleased with my wonderful bargainuntil I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day, it has never written a single word! ) 12.首先，沉湎于过去是无意义的。(First of all, it is futile to dwell on the past.) 3、怎样找到写作思路Passage 1: French are elegant people.(此话非常概括，是“帅才”，所以会统领一只队伍) They are artists in everyday life, having a very good taste in everything. They dont like American tourists wearing jeans to go into their luxurious and exquisite five-star restaurants, so one of the restaurants put a notice outside its front door. It read No trousers, please!(读完了，感觉是个很具体的例子，对吗？) A gourmet coffee was sold in Tokyo as an antidote to stress. Its name supposedly meant to people that it would soothe the troubled breast, yet when it was printed in English, it turned out to be Ease Your Bosoms.(又是一个例子，我们开始揣摩：作者要说什么呢？) Swedes started a promotion stunt to promote the sales of their vacuum cleaner named Electro. Their original ad slogan was translated as Nothing sucks like Electro.(又一个例子！意图何在？) The selling of Chevrolet was very bad in South America. And the reason? The translation of this brand sounds like no vawhich means It doesnt go in Spanish.(还是例子！为什么呀？) When Pepsi-cola invaded the huge Chinese and German markets, the efforts initially fizzled. The products slogan, Come alive with the Pepsi generation, was rendered into German as come out of the grave with Pepsi. Coca-Cola also discovered something had gone wrong in Taiwan. The Chinese characters chosen for the world-famous product sound like its name means Bite the Wax Tadpole.(依然是例子！肯定要说明某个道理，那这个道理是什么呢？) A pliers companys slogan Turn it loose became, in Spanish, equivalent to suffer from diarrhea. A company translated its sticky tape slogan into Japanese and came up with a sticky problem. The slogan Sticks like crazy became literally it sticks foolishly in Japanese.(更多的例子！如果没有目的，那是不可能的！) A tonic product in China is made of royal jelly and is supposed to be very effective for some chronic diseases. Yet it was translated as oral liquid, which means saliva in English. In the brochure, it was described in this way: it tastes like medicine, when the language in the original meant to use it as a food therapy.(例子！) Even the wrong nonverbal cue can bring havoc to a product.(此话也是“帅才”) A baby food company initially packaged their African products just the same as in the USwith a cute baby picture on the jar. They didnt realize that because so many Africans cannot read, nearly all packaged products sold in Africa carry pictures of what is inside. Pureed baby! How horrible!(例子越举越厉害了，看来是要举到头了！) In an Asian city, where traffic is really very bad, to secure peoples safety, the municipal government has built underground passageways. Pedestrians are asked to use them whenever they need to cross the main street. A sign was posted once on the roadside, pointing to the entrance to an underground passageway, intending to notify English-speaking passengers, Go Underground.(眼睛的余光已经看到全篇的结束了，所以，这肯定是最后一个例子啦！同时，马上也就要看到作者想说明什么问题啦！) We chuckled at such clumsy translations.(比较概括，“帅才”，那为什么忍不住要笑呢？下面的解释就必然是作者的写作意图了)Is there anything wrong in the language? We must be aware that few words and idioms can be literally translated. Its best to hire the best for translation. Dont take it for granted that as long as one speaks a little English, he is autonomously able to do the translation. It takes a while to learn to be a good translator.(就是它！千呼万唤使出来！) 请各位再回顾一下本文的写作思路是怎么设计的？ 4、英文写作务必提高“结构设计能力”4.1句型结构 在句、段、篇三者中，句型结构是学生平时接触最多的，几乎中学教学的每一堂课，每一项练习都或多或少接触到句型的运用和理解，但是在英语写作过程中，学生往往只考虑意思，对语言本身却顾不过来，小错误比比皆是。因此在写作教学中，首先应当加强英语句型运用的练习。可以采用连词成句和简单句合并复合句的训练，来强化学生运用各类句型的能力。 4.2段落结构 短文写作中，段落可以分成两种类型，一种是描述性的，另一种则是议论性的。描述性段落是根据题目所给出的内容，包括图画、图表等，发挥自己的想象力，对某一现象或事件进行一定的描写。写好这种段落的前提是要对所提供的材料进行仔细观察，抓住其中的重点和必要的细节，将这些内容用适当的语法和句型表达出来。在表达过程中，应当注意事件发生的时间先后或者某一现象的发展趋势。议论性的段落几乎在每篇作文中都要碰到，即使在图画形式的短文写作中，在描述事件后也需要发表一定的议论。要写好议论性的英文段落，首先要确立段落中心思想，然后通过各种手段，如描述、例证、比较等，摆出具体的理由，展开这一主题。最常见的段落结构是一个中心句和数个支撑句，这种结构在英语阅读理解的练习中也往往可以见到。中心句通常出现在段首，有时也可放在段落末尾或中间，但对于英语写作能力尚不完善的高中学生来说，将中心句放在段落开始的方法比较容易把握。有了中心句，再加上几个支撑句就构成了一个段落，写支撑句时，要注意在句与句之间运用恰当的转折词，使文章显得更加连贯流畅。 4.3语篇结构 语篇的结构就是一篇文章的框架，合理构思和合理安排每一段落，既要使每一段落都服务于文章的中心，维护文章的整体性，又要使每一段落分别阐述一个问题，保持相对的独立性。在每次短文写作之前，第一步就应当确定整个篇章的结构。高考(Q吧)的作文一般需要考生先将某一事件或现象表达清楚，然后对此发表自己的观点和看法，近来又出现了纯粹要求考生表达观点的文章，如2001年全国高考中要求考生谈论轿车进入家庭的影响。对于前一类文章，可将其分为两个部分，其一是描述性部分，主要对所提供的内容加以叙述，其二是议论部分，对前一部分的内容发表自己的观点；对于后一类文章可以把整篇文章分成三个部分，即开端，主体和结尾。一开头立刻提出自己的观点，并简单扼要地列出支持观点的两到三个理由。这样，在主体部分里，每一段落就是每个理由的进一步阐述。最后在结尾部分中，再总结一下整篇文章的观点，同文章开头呼应。但应当注意的是，结尾部分不应当是机械的重复，不仅在用词和句型上有所变化，而且在观点上也应略有扩充，还可以提一下相反观点的事情。这样不仅结构完整，而且内容也更为充实。5、写作修改佳句欣赏1.频繁争执不利于婚姻幸福。(Constant arguing doesnt make for a happy marriage.) 2.文化交流有助于相互了解。(Cultural exchanges make for/are beneficial to/are conducive to mutual understanding.) 3.我认为我们可以和他们做生意，但在做出任何举动之前我们需要派个人去进一步摸摸情况。(I think we can do business with them, but we need to send someone to spy out the land before any further step is taken.) 4.银行结算单使你清楚你的钱是怎么花的。(Bank statements help you keep track of where your money is going.) 5.我可以听到他们在压低了声音说话，但听不清他们在说些什么。(I could hear them talking in very low voice, but I cant make out what they are talking.) 6.他颇带讽刺地冲我笑了一下，这使我真的很不舒服。(He cast me a sarcastic smile which made me really uncomfortable.) 7.你认为我们的电脑在夜里这么晚了还喜欢工作吗？就我所知，它想睡觉了。我讽刺地对还在打电脑游戏的儿子说道。(Do you think our computer enjoys working at such a late hour of the night? I think, to the best of my knowledge, it wants to go to bed I said sarcastically to my son who was still playing computer games.) 8.从那时起，这座伟大的纪念碑对通过纽约港来到美国安家落户的千百万人来说就成了一个自由的象征。(Ever since then, the great monument has been a symbol of liberty for the millions of people who have passed through New York Harbor to make their homes in America.) 9.他跟别人说话总喜欢带一种教训人的语气。(He likes to speak to others in an instructive tone.) 10.全世界都屏息而待，看哪个城市会赢得2010年世博会的承办权。(All the world held its breath to see which city would win the right to host the 2010 World Exposition.) 11.赛跑运动员们脚尖抵着起跑线准备起跑。(The runners toed the line, ready to start.) 12.建议漂亮女性与自己的男性上司保持一定距离。(It is suggested that beautiful females should keep their male bosses at arms length.) 13.我想提醒我们中那些说的多做的少的人，你们的职位不可能永远为你们保留着。(I want to remind those among us who say a lot but do very little that your positions cannot be kept for you forever.) 14.映入眼帘的景象使我不禁倒吸一口凉气。(I gasped with shock at the scene coming into my eyes.) 15.哨声响起时我们的足球队正在做最后的挣扎/拼搏。(Our football team are at their last gasp when the whistle went.) 16.她听到那消息后大惊失色。(She paled with shock at the news.) 17.那个问题比较起我们正在讨论的这一个来就显得无足轻重了。(That issue pales into insignificance beside the one we are discussing now.) 18.我现在心绪烦乱如麻。(Im in a confused state of mind.) 19.多好的机会呀，可让我给搞砸了。(It was such a good opportunity, but I messed it up!) 20.一丝淡淡的笑容从她脸上掠过。(A faint smile drifted across her face.) 6、表达要有分量Passage 1: It is common knowledge that forecasting is an attempt by meteorologists to determine what weather will be like in the future. Hindcasting is the opposite of forecasting, an attempt to determine what weather was like in the past. Meteorologists wish that records of weather had been kept in full for at least a few millennia, but it has been only in the last century that detailed records of the weather have been kept. Thus, meteorologists need to hindcast the weather, and they do so by using all sorts of information from other fields as diverse as archeology, botany, geology, literature, and art. These pieces of information from other fields that are used as a basis for drawing conclusions about what the weather must have been like at some point in the past are called proxies. Passage 2: The Sahara is a massive desert, the worlds largest, in fact. It is approximately equal in size to the United States and covers more than 9 million square kilometers. It is more than 5,500 kilometers from east to west and 2,000 kilometers from north to south. The Sahara has a very dry climate. The average annual rainfall is not even 10 centimeters, and may areas receive less that 2 centimeters per year. In the very driest places, it rains only about once a century. There is little surface water in the Sahara. The Nile River does run through the Sahara, and there are some oases there, but otherwise the surface is dry. Of the oases in the Sahara, about 90 are large enough to support tiny villages. Passage 3: It is very common in English for one word to have many different meanings. This condition, where one word has different meanings, is known as polysemy. (This term comes from poly- meaning “many” and sem- meaning “meaning”.) Sound is one such polysemic word. As a noun, it refers to a noise (as in a loud sound) or a body of water (as in Puget Sound). As an adjective, it can refer to a state of health (as in sound mind and body). It can also be an intransitive verb (as in sound angry), a transitive verb (as in sound the alarm), or part of a verb phrase as an outburst (as in sound off) and an inquiry (as in sound out). You may think that the word sound is a truly wondrous polysemic word. After all, its definitions cover seven pages in one major dictionary and include 19 meanings as a noun, 12 meanings as an adjective, 12 meanings as a verb (some transitive and some intransitive ), 4 meanings in verb phrases, and 2 meanings as an adverb. But what about the extraordinary word set? It looks like such a short, simple word, only three little letters in all. However, if you look it up in an unabridged dictionary, you will find at least 57 meanings for set when it is used as a noun and over 120 meanings when it is used as a verb. Passage 4： 1.Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the world-wide average is 33% waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industrys use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years. 2.Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items. 3.There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost. 4.Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in color because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey color does not matter, such as cardboard boxes, but if the grey color is not acceptable, the fibres must be d-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper, they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together. 5.Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled whic