过去式、句子成分和16种时态.doc

过去式，过去时态【过去式】1、表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态； 2、过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。 【过去时态】表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。 【过去时态结构】指的是过去时态下的动词形式的语法构成。 【过去时态结构基本形式】 1、主语+动词过去式+其他； 2、否定形式 was/were+not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词；一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。 概念：表示过去的动作或事件。A:What did you do last weekend?B:I played football.A:Did you read books?B:Yes,I did.构成表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下： （1）一般情况下，动词词尾加 ed ，如： worked played wanted acted （2）以不发音的 e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 d，如： lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped （3）以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把y变为i 再加ed，如： studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied （4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 ed，如： stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped （5）注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。 go - went，make - made，get - got ，buy - bought ，come - came ，fly-flew ，is/am-was，are-were ，see-saw ，bring-brought，do-did，teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat. read-read, spend-spent, eat-ate,give-gave,sit-sat,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew, put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,come-came,become-became,swim-swam，sweepswept，singsang，drawdrew， 注意：a. beat的过去式与原形同形： 比：beat（打击） beat（过去式） beaten（过去分词） b. lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种，含义不同 比：lie lied, lied（说谎） lay, lain（躺，位于） c. hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种，含义不同 比：hang hanged, hanged（处绞刑） hung, hung(挂，吊) d. welcome（欢迎）一词是规则动词，不可误用为不规则动词 比：welcome welcomed, welcomed（正） welcome, welcome（误） e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词 比：hit（打） hit, hit（正） hitted, hitted（误） 用法：（1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。 （2）一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词要用一般过去式。 时间标志：yesterday（昨天）, last week（上周）, last month（上个月）, last year（去年）, two months ago（两个月前）, the day before yesterday（前天），in 1990 (在1990年), in those days （在那些日子里）等表示过去的时间状语。 如： I was born in 1990. (我出生在1990年)。 When did you go to the park? （你是什么时候去的公园）。 I went to the park last week. （我是上周去的公园） 在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态； 第二句和第三句属于实义动词go的一般过去时态。 1 带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时 如：yesterday（昨天）、two days ago（两天前 ）、last year（去年）、the other day（前几天）、once upon a time（很久以前）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前）、 When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时）、at+一个时间点 Did you have a party the other day？ Lei Feng was a good soldier. 在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。 2 表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时 这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。 The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died. 3 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作 常与always，never等连用。 Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. 彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。 （只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。） Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella. 彼得太太老是带着伞。 （说明这是她的习惯，表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞） Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella. 彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。（表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦） I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。 （不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒） 4 如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做，而现在不那样做了) He used to drink. 他过去喝酒。（意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了） I used to take a walk in the morning. 我过去是在早晨散步。 （意味着现在不在早晨散步了） I took a walk in the morning. 我曾经在早晨散过步。 （只是说明过去这一动作） 5 有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时，这一点，我们中国学生往往出错，要特别注意！ I didnt know you were in Paris. 我不知道你在巴黎。 （因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.） I thought you were ill. 我以为你病了呢。 （这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病）1 Be 动词的一般过去时态. 在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were. 构成：肯定句：主语+was (were) +表语 如：I was late yesterday. （昨天我迟到了。） 否定句：主语+was (were) +not+表语 如：We werent late yesterday. (我们昨天没迟到) 疑问句：Was (Were) +主语+表语 如： Were you ill yesterday? （你昨天病了吗？） 肯定回答： Yes, I was. (是的，我病了。) 否定句： No, I wasnt. (不，我没病。) 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词+was (were) +主语+表语 如：When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？ 2 实义动词的一般过去时态 肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did. 肯定句为：主语+动词过去式+宾语 如： I went home at nine oclock yesterday.（我昨天九点钟回的家。） 否定句：主语+didnt +动词原形+宾语 如：I didnt go home yesterday. (我昨天没回家。) 疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形+宾语 如： Did you go home yesterday? (你昨天回家了吗？) 肯定回答： Yes, I did. (是的，我回了。) 否定回答：No, I didnt. (不，我没回家。) 3 助动词和情态动词过去式如下： shallshould（将要）用于第一人称单数 willwould（将要）用于所有人称 cancould（能，会） maymight（可以） mustmust （必须） have tohad to（不得不） 助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。 如： I had to do my homework yesterday. (昨天我不得不做作业。)读法：规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音： 1. 在清辅音后读作t。如：asked, helped, watched, stopped 2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作d。如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called 3. 在t / d后读作id。如：wanted, needed 不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法： 1. 以t结尾的词，过去式与原形相同。如：putput, letlet, cutcut, beatbeat 2. 以d结尾的词，把d变成t。如:buildbuilt, lendlent, sendsent, spendspent 3. 以n结尾的词，在词后加t。如：meanmeant, burnburnt, learnlearnt 4. 以ow / aw结尾的词，把ow / aw变成ew。如：blowblew, drawdrew, knowknew, growgrew 5. 含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。如：keepkept, sleepslept, feelfelt, smellsmelt 6. 含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i变成a。如：singsang, givegave, sitsat, drinkdrank一般过去时，肯定句的过去式。规则动词加ed，不规则的必须记。否定形式疑问句，没有be加did。如把did加在前，动词也要还原形。1.“You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?”“Im sorry I anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.”A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say2.All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness .A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown3.My uncle until he was forty-five.A. married B. didnt marry C. was not marrying D. would marry4.“How are the team playing?”“Theyre playing well, but one of them hurt.”A. got B. gets C. are D. were5.I_ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time!A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep C. fell asleep D. fall asleep一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语； 14、宾语、定语； 15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语一、指出下列句子加重部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.十六种时态 一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时； 现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时； 现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时； 现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时 一、 一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy. 三、 现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 过去进行时： 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 现在完成时： 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句：have或has。 6.例句：Ive written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 六、 过去完成时： 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般将来时： 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 过去将来时： 1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 九.将来完成时： 1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态 2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来） 3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done 十.现在完成进行时: 1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止 2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing 动词时态和语态1. When I saw Mary, she _ on the piano.A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played2. She _ the door before she goes away.A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.3. A hunter is a man who _ animals.A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching4. What _ if I drink this?A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened5. I will visit you if Father _ me.A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let6. Look out! That tree _ fall down.A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would7. My uncle _ to see me. Hell be here soon.A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came8. They cant leave until they _ their work.A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done9. Has he seen this film? Yes. He _ it several days ago. A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing10. Now Mike isnt here. He _ Mr G