跨文化交际-其他要点翻译.doc

跨文化 部分要点翻译注：不是所有划出部分都翻译了。配套的有Chapter 2的翻译。P28 The Value of Cultural Stereotypes文化角色定型的价值Culture dictates how people generally think and interact with each other in society. 文化造成人们的普遍怎么认为和在社会中的互动。A stereotype is really a composite of the cultural mores of a society and in many cases can be narrowed to a specific region. 角色定型实在是一个综合的社会文化习俗，而且，在许多情况下它可以被缩小到一特定区域。To stereotype is to formulate a standardized image of a group that assigns that group a number of characteristics that helps to simplify what would otherwise be a very complex task of identification.角色定型，是制定一个组的标准化形象，分配给该组一些特点，有助于简化原本非常复杂的鉴定任务。By looking at the cultural components and traits, an accurate modela stereotype, if you willof how an individual from a certain culture is likely to act can be constructed. 通过观察文化内容和特点，一个准确的模型一个角色定型，如果你可以可以从一个特定文化的个体可能如何行动这方面来构造。Stereotyping makes reality easier to deal with. 角色定型，让现实更容易处理。Of course, there will be exceptions to the stereotype rulepeople are, after all, individualsbut by and large a business person from Japan or Germany is more likely to conform to the model than not.当然，会有例外的角色定型毕竟，有这种个体但总的来说，一个日本或德国的商业人士更有可能符合该模式。The key is to avoid a slavish adherence to stereotypes and to leave room to evaluate individual behavior in an overall cultural context. 关键是要避免盲目地坚持定型，而应留有余地，以评估整体文化背景中的个人行为。There are, of course, independent-minded Japanese, rebellious Germans, shallow Russians and task-driven (as opposed to relationship-driven) Arabsbut these would truly be exceptions and when seen in their native cultural context might very well be viewed as rebels in their own right.当然有例外的角色定型，比如独立思想的日本人、叛逆的德国人、肤浅的俄罗斯人，任务驱动的阿拉伯人（与关系导向相对的）但这些真的都是例外，在他们的本土文化背景环境下，可能被视为他们有权利反叛。As a general rule, stereotyping of cultural traits works when applied to large groups, even whole societies, but may not stand up on an individual one-to-one basis. 一般来说，运用角色定型时，适用于大型群体，甚至整个社会，不可以站在个人一对一的基础上。It is important to remember that you, too, will likely be viewed or profiled by others according to their stereo types of your culture. 重要的是，要记住，你也可能会被其他人观察或描述，根据他们你那儿文化得出的文化刻板印象。If you stop to think about it, you may be surprised about the high number of national cultural traits that you exhibit. 如果你停下来想想，你会对你自己表现出的大量国家文化特点感到很惊讶。Accent the more endearing traits and try and leave the less unacceptable ones at home. 更讨人喜欢口音特点，把别人不能接受的东西留在家里。P29The Cause of Stereotypes角色定型的原因 Stereotypes make more sense when you consider the cultural roots of the group being stereotyped. For example，当你觉得本集团的文化根源是千篇一律的时候，角色定型更有意义。例如：NATIONALITY: GERMAN 德国STEREOTYPE: The Germans are usually seen as rigid, somewhat humorless and obsessed with order and formality. A smile does not come easily and business is taken seriously. They are particularly focused on detail.角色定型：德国人通常被视为刚性的，有点幽默感和痴迷于秩序和手续。一个微笑不来之不易，认真对待业务。他们特别关注的细节NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: Low-context culture that values precise communication. Focuses on what is being said rather than who is saying it. Monochrome, that is, they have a very linear concept of time and prefer to do one thing at a time. The German culture is one of very high risk -avoidance. 民族文化特征：低语境文化，沟通精确。重点是你在说什么，而不是谁在说。是单色调的，也就是说他们有一个非常线性的时间概念，喜欢每次只做一件事情。德国文化是非常高度不确定性规避的国家之一。NATIONALITY: AMERICAN 美国STEREOTYPE: Brash, materialistic. A cowboy culture where individuals are obsessed with time and deadlines. A society plagued by crime and violence角色定型：性情急躁，物质化的。牛仔文化，个人痴迷于时间和最后期限。被犯罪和暴力困扰的社会NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS, American culture is task-driven and places great value on individual achievement and thinking. Monochrome, with a very low risk-avoidance, which allows Americans to speak without thinking and often act without thinking, sometimes in a violent manner. It is a very masculine culture, which means that society appreciates assertiveness while respecting the goal of material acquisition.民族文化特征：美国文化是任务驱动的，更多的注重个人成就和个人思想。这使美国人说话不假思索，单色调的，具有非常低的风险规避，这是非常男性主义的文化，意味着社会赞赏自信，同时注重巨大的物质目标。NATIONALITY: JAPANESE 日本STEREOTYPE: Very group -oriented. Quiet, shy, reserved and highly respectful of status and position. Negotiates in groups or teams and avoids criticism of partners or proposals. Japanese will work their whole career at a single company.角色定型：很以集体为主。安静，害羞，沉默寡言，对身份和地位高度尊重。小组或团队的商谈中，避免批评合作伙伴，而应是建议的。日本将在单一的一个公司中完成整个职业生涯。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS The Japanese culture is collectivist by nature, that is, group achievement and harmony comes before that of individual fulfillment. It is a high power -distance culture where workers do not seek personal decision- making powers. It is high risk -avoidance.民族文化特征：日本文化本质上是集体主义，即集团的成就与和谐排在个人之前。个别的实现。是高权利距离文化，工人不追求个人的决策权。是高风险规避的国家。NATIONALITY: FRENCH 法国STEREOTYPE: Romantic, fond of good food, good art, and not overly concerned about doing great business. More eager to argue politics and art than to do business.角色定型：浪漫，爱好美食，良好的艺术喜好，而不是过分关心伟大的事业。更渴望政治和艺术争论，而不是做生意。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: A highly feminine culture which values interpersonal relationships, putting quality of life before material acquisition and applauds concern for other individuals. Also high-context, which means that the medium is the message and not overly concerned about precise detail or communication.民族文化特征：高度女性主义文化，注重人际关系，把生活质量放在物质需求之前，鼓励关注他门。也是高语境文化，这意味着媒介即消息，而不是过分注重细节或沟通问题。NATIONALITY: ITALIAN 意大利STEREOTYPE: Excitable and seem to relish chaos. Not very detail-oriented when it comes to business, which seems to take forever to conclude. They are romantic and seem to shake hands with and kiss visitors forever. Very demonstrative and physical.角色定型：激动，似乎对混乱津津乐道。不是很注重细节，当谈到业务时，似乎永远是在总结。他们是浪漫的，好像永远手握手、亲吻来客。情感非常外露的并且自然的。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS; Italians are polychrome which means they prefer to do several tasks at one time in no particular order. Their concept of time is non-linear. It is also a high-context, relationship-driven culture.民族文化特征：意大利人是多彩的，这意味着他们更喜欢在一个时间内以任何特定的顺序做几项任务。他们对时间的概念是非线性的。它也是高语境文化，关系导向的文化。NATIONALITY: BRITISH 英国STEREOTYPE: Stuffy, prim and proper. Business is done through an old boys network. 角色定型：沉闷，整洁和适当。业务是通过 “校友关系网。”NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: Low-context, low risk-avoidance, monochrome, mixture of relationship-driven and task-driven cultures. 民族文化特征：低语境，低风险规避，单色调，关系驱动和任务驱动的文化相融。NATIONALITY: CHINESE 中国STEREOTYPE: Like the Japanese, they always seem to travel in groups. They are quiet, reserved and never lose their temper. But at times they can seem chaotic and unfocused.角色定型：像日本，他们似乎总是旅行团体。他们很安静，保留，从不发脾气。但有时，它们看起来混乱，没有重点。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: The Buddhist philosophy plays an important role in business dealings and the approach to life. It is a collectivism high-context, poly chronic culture.民族文化特征：佛教哲学对业务往来和对生命的态度起着重要作用。它是集体主义的高语境文化、聚慢性文化。NATIONALITY: NIGERIAN 尼日利亚STEREOTYPE; Gregarious, outgoing and eager to please. Seem never to say no and enjoy physical contact but are never on time for anything. Great schemers.角色定型：合群，外向，急于讨好别人。似乎从来不说“不”，享受自然接触，但从来不准时。大阴谋家。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: A polychrome, high-context, relationship-driven society.民族文化特征：一个多彩的，高语境的，关系主导的社会。NATIONALITY: ISRAELI 以色列STEREOTYPE: The Israelis are brash and rude wheeler-dealers who always seem to have something to say about just about everything.角色定型：以色列人傲慢和粗鲁的轮车交易商，似乎总是有很多事情想要一起说。NATIONAL CULTURAL Traits: Polyphonic, high-context, individualist culture, that features low power-distancei.e., society members insist on having decision-making power.民族文化特征：复调的，高语境文化，个人主义文化，即具有低权利距离即社会成员坚持有决策权。NATIONALITY: SAUDI ARABIAN 沙特阿拉伯STEREOTYPE: Quiet, thoughtful, almost meek, with great respect for power and money and hierarchy.角色定型：安静，周到，温柔，对权力、金钱和地位非常尊重。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: Islamic religion influences business values, high power-distance, collectivist society that features many masculine traits, including touch of materialism. A relationship- driven culture that does not bother to separate the individual from the business he is conducting.民族文化特征：伊斯兰宗教影响企业的价值观，高权利距离文化，集体主义社会，具有许多男性特征，包括物质接触。关系驱动的文化，懒的将个人和公司分开。NATIONALITY: INDIAN 印度STEREOTYPE: Reserved, philosophical, lacking confidence, self-effacing, but very bright.角色定型：保留的，哲学的，缺乏自信，谦虚，但很聪明。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: Feminine qualities, high-context, polychrome society that places high value on group harmony. It is a relationship-driven society with high risk-avoidance. Religious philosophies play a key role in everyday life as does the value that society places on education. 民族文化特征：女性主义，高语境文化，多彩社会，非常注重和谐。这是一个高风险规避的、关系为主导的社会。宗教哲学和教育一样，在日常生活中发挥了关键作用。NATIONALITY: AUSTRALIAN 澳大利亚STEREOTYPE: Loud, boisterous and materialistic. Ill-mannered and ill-bred.角色定型：大声的、喧闹的和物质的。不良举止和不良教养。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: Individualistic society with low power-distance, and very low uncertainty-avoidance that allows them to not worry about embarrassing themselves in public.民族文化特征：个人主义社会、低权利距离社会，非常低的不确定性规避，这使其从不担心自己在公共场合会尴尬。NATIONALITY: ARGENTINEAN 阿根廷 STEREOTYPE: Chaotic, slow-paced. Business based on an elitist network of families.角色定型：混沌，慢节奏。商业的基础在于精英的家庭网络。NATIONAL CULTURAL TRAITS: Polyphonic with a non-linear approach to time high-context society, relationship- rather than task-driven but places high value on individualism. Also a culture with a low power-distance rating.民族文化特征：复调的，非线性的时间方法、高语境社会，是关系驱动的，而不是任务驱动，但非常注重个人主义。也是低权利距离文化。P31The Effects of Culture Shock文化冲突的影响One of the realities of working in a different culture is culture shock. 在不同文化中工作的现实之一是文化冲突。Like death and taxes (at least in most countries in todays free market world) it is inevitable. 就像死亡和税收，（至少在当今自由市场中的大多数国家），这是不可避免的。The definition is simple.这个定义很简单。Culture shock occurs when everything that was once familiar to youlanguage, food, currency, values, beliefs and even such take-for-granted incidentals as traffic patterns, mealtimes and sleep patterns vanishes. 文化冲击时发生的一切，你曾经熟悉的语言，食物，货币，价值，信念，甚至想当然的通信模式、用餐模式、睡眠模式都消失了。All the verbal and non-verbal cues you have spent a lifetime learning become useless. 所有语言和非语言的暗示，你花了一生去学习都没有用。In the extreme it is like being an infant again. 在极端情况下你象是一个婴儿了，You cannot speak the language or read the newspapers. 你不能说也不能读报。Culture shock is exemplified when a successful and respected businessperson at home becomes, in essence, a functional illiterate, dependent on others（in this case, a translator) for the most basic forms of communication. 文化冲击体现在，当一个成功的受人尊敬的商人在家里时，从本质上讲，他就成了功能文盲，在最基本的交流上都依赖其他人（在此情况下翻译）。The frustration, like that of a child unable to communicate to its parents, builds. 挫折，就像一个无法与其父母沟通的孩子。The effects of culture shock are cumulativeand sometimes even go unnoticed as they creep in with each minor irritation (ordering the wrong meal at a restaurant because you couldnt read the menu), each failure of self-expression (unable to ask for directions on the street), and each business setback (another appointment canceled).文化冲击的影响是累积性的有时甚至会被忽视，因为他们潜伏在各个轻微变化中（预订饭店，因为你看不懂菜单而点错餐），每一个自我表现的失败（无法在街上问路），每个业务受挫（预约取消）。FIGHTING OFF THE EFFECTS 击退影响Obviously, some travelers handle culture shock better than others and it is usually a function of experience. 显然，有些旅客处理文化冲突比别人更好，通常是经验的结果。But there are many cases of an individual becoming virtually dysfunctional, unable to work at their best or remain focused on the goal while negotiating a business deal. 但当一个人几乎失调的情况下，他们无法工作，在谈生意的时候依然在他们的最佳目标上集中精力。Often it is because they are harboring resentment and anger against their own foreign business partners or counterparts.原因往往是他们反感包庇、对自己外国商业伙伴或同行感到愤怒。The effects of culture shock can be compounded when individuals find themselves working in a culture where physical differences are obvious, say, a German working in Japan. 文化冲突的影响，可加剧一个人发现自己在文化中是个显而易见的个体差异，比方说，德国人在日本工作。A South African accountant, a very tall female, spent a year in Taiwan and never could get used to the staresmost of them focused onof all thingsher breasts. 一个南非会计师，非常高大的女性，在台湾生活了一年，还是无法习惯别人的注视大部分人目光都只在她的胸部上。It started out as a joke to me, something I figured would pass, but in a few months I just couldnt stand it. I hated going out in public. When I would walk on the streets 1 would tower over everyone. All 1 could see was the top of headsand all those male faces gawking, she says.“我最初把这些当作个笑话，我想什么都会过去的，但在几个月后我简直受不了。我讨厌在公共场合走出去。当我走在街上，我比所有人都高。我能看到的全部是别人的头顶，而所有男性的面孔都直直的瞪着我，”她说。I never felt so self-conscious in my lifeand I am sure I never will again. 1 couldnt do my job, I didnt want to do my job. My original assignment was three years. I left after one. It was a mutual decision. The quality of my work slipped badly. My boss back in Johannesburg never understood. I couldnt tell him anyway. They would have thought I was crazy. But let me tell you, I wont even go to a Chinese restaurant now.“在我的一生中我从没有过这样的自我意识我相信我也不会再这样了。我不能做我的工作，我不想做我的工作。我原来的任期是三年。但我一年后就离开了，这是一个共同的决定。我的工作质量严重下滑。早在约翰内斯堡我的老板就从不理解我。我也不能告诉他。他们会认为我疯了。但让我告诉你，我现在再也不会去中餐馆了”SYMPTOMATIC, AUTOMATIC 症状，自动The symptoms of an individual suffering from culture shock are easy to spot, when you know what you are looking for. 当你知道你需要什么的时候，很容易发现文化冲突的个人痛苦症状。Cynicism about the host culture is one subtle sign. 对东道国文化的愤世嫉俗是一个微妙的迹象。The physical symptoms include depression, lethargy, over-sleeping, over-eating, substance abuse; psychological symptoms might include withdrawal where one desires to become a hermit, declining invitations and preferring to stay at home to read a book or watch videos shipped in from back home.物理症状包括抑郁，嗜睡，过度睡眠，过量饮食，药物滥用，心理症状可能有希望成为一个隐士，拒绝邀请，回家后宁愿留在家里看书或看影片。Even an expatriate working in a foreign land never really gets over culture shock. 即便是在异乡的外籍人士也从来没有得到过真正有文化冲突的工作。It is cyclical in nature and characterized by a series of highs and lows that can take years to play out. 本质上它是周期性的，特点是高点和低点，可能需要数年才展现出来。For the short-term visitor, the cycles of culture shock can be compressed during a week-long visit. 对于短期游客，文化冲突的周期可以被压缩在一个为期一周的访问。The initial phase is a general disorientation which is understandable considering that everything is new, differentand somewhat intimidating. 初始阶段是一个普遍的迷惑，这是可以理解的，看到一切都是新的，不同的有些害怕。Next comes a honeymoon phase. You may have picked up some of the local language, become familiar with a few restaurants or other public places, maybe conquered the taxi or public transportation system。接下来是蜜月期。您可能已经学会了一些当地的语言，对一些餐馆或其他公共场所也熟悉了，可能对出租车或公共交通系统也了如指掌。Basically, you have familiarized yourself and become comfortable with some of the more obvious differences between your home culture and the new one. 最基本的，你必须熟悉自己，对家庭和新事物间的比较明显的差异感到舒适。Suddenly it seems less scaryand less odd. Often at this time all you can see is just how boring or provincial or inefficient your home culture has become. 这么一说，这就一瞬间就看上去似乎不可怕了也不异样了。通常在这个时候你可以看到的一切，你的家庭文化是多么无聊、土气的、低效的。You flood family and friends at home and work colleagues back at the head office with gripping and fascinating tales (at least to you) of your new home and discoveries.在家里，你沉浸在朋友家人中，而工作中，你带着你新家和新发现的扣人心弦和引人入胜的故事（至少对你来说）回到了办公室。Then the cycle starts again. You raise your goals, you become, perhaps, overconfident and then whack! You smack into your limitations again. You realize you will never be an insider. Your communications skills level off. Suddenly it seems like an awful lot of effort just to finish routine tasks. The cumulative effects of just trying to cope can explode without expectation. And, if you are not prepared, its back to cynicism and depression.然后重新开始循环。你提出你的目标，你变得也许过于自信，然后受到重挫！你说你受到限制了，但你绝不会是内幕人员，你的交流技巧下降了，突然，它似乎只是为了完成非常多日常工作而努力。没有期待而只是在努力应付可能爆发的累积影响。如果你没有做好准备，你会变的愤世嫉俗和抑郁。P33Countering culture Shock打击文化冲突1. CULTURE SHOCK is CYCLICAL 文化冲突是周期性的。Expect highs and lows but guard against the euphoria of the highest highs and the depression of the lowest lows. Try and keep a middle perspective.预计高点和低点，警惕高点兴奋和低点抑郁。尝试保持中间点的观点。2. MAINTAIN A SENSE OF ADVENTURE 维持一个冒险的感觉You are having experiences that most people will never have. Enjoy them. Treat life as an adventure.您有大多数人从来没有的经验，。享受它们。将生活看成是一种冒险。3. AVOID CYNICISM 避免愤世嫉俗It is a defense mechanism, and an easy trap to fall into, hut a cynical attitude wins no friends and allies. 这是一种防御机制，容易落入陷阱，愤世嫉俗的态度不会赢得朋友和盟友。4. BE A PARTICIPANT 做一个参与者Resist the urge to vegetate, to go back to your hotel or your home to avoid contact or dealing with the new culture. Avoidance will only amplify limitations and ensure that you will never grow in comfort with the new culture.抵制想过单调生活的冲动，回到您的酒店或家里，以避免处理新的文化接触。回避只会扩大限制，使你不再适应新的文化也不会再成长。5. EXPRESS INTEREST IN LEARNING 表现出学习兴趣If you say you want to know more about the local scene, people will be more than willing to show off their home turf. Its a matter of local pride.如果你说你想对当地有更多的了解，人们就会乐意展示自己的家门口。这是当地值得骄傲的地方。6. KEEP A JOURNAL 记日记Recording your experiences and impressions will help you focus on learning about the new culture and keep you motivated about personal growth.记录你的经验和印象，将帮助你专注于对新文化的学习，并保持个人成长的动机。7. TAKE CARE OF YOUR PHYSICAL HEALTH 关心你的生理健康 Do stress-relieving exercises both physical breathing control, muscle relaxationand mentalpeaceful-imagery techniques, meditation, anticipation, and uncertainty-reduction strategiesto reduce the strain of culture shock. 做减压练习控制呼吸，松弛肌肉平复精神通过看宁静的图象，沉思，期待，减少不确定性想法以减少文化冲突的压力。8. TAKE WALKSLOTS OF THEM 多多散步Walking is not only good physical exercise but it will help you get more familiar with your surroundings. Assuming the area is safe and secure, walking will permit you to observe the nuances of the culture in your new setting.散步不仅是良好的体育锻炼，它会帮助你熟悉周围的环境。假设该地区是安全的，走路时你可以去观察文化的细微差别。9. JOIN A HEALTH CLUB 参加健康俱乐部 Anyone on a medium-to-long-term assignment should consider joining a local health club as an outlet for stress.中长期任期的人应该考虑加入当地的健身俱乐部来释放压力。10. MAKE A HOME 营造一个家If you are going on a long-term assignment bring familiar things from home. Pictures, a piece of furniture, familiar bed sheets can all turn a soulless dwelling into a home away from home and alleviate another potential area of