9年级英语unit10.doc

新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit10语法：过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. (had worked已有了20年,还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”） 五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.重点句型：1. By the time I got outside ,the bus had already left. 我到外面的时候，公共汽车已经开走了。2.what happened? 发生了什么事？重点短语：1. by the time 到时候，到.之前 指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间 如：By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.在我们到达他就已经吃完了晚饭。By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done. 送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。2. go off 离开；消失；变差；开火Do you know when does he go off. 你知道他是什么时候离开的吗。The effect of the drug will go off after two hours.此药之药效将在两小时后消失。He pulled the trigger but the gun didnt go off. 他打了一枪，没有发火。So we can go off the island?我们可以离开这个岛了?go off (闹钟)闹响 The alarm went off just now. 刚才警钟响了。3. run off 减轻体重；偷走；流失 The cattle was run off during the night.牛在夜里被偷走了。All the electrical seems to run off one circuit. 所有的电器似乎流失一个电路。4.on time 按时 准时 既不早也不迟 You should finish your homework on time.你应按时完成作业。 in time 及时 指在时限到来之前 But its hard to stop in time.但要做到及时停手是很难的.5.break down 坏掉例：If your car should break down, change to bus.如果你的车抛锚了，就改乘公车吧。 The elevators in this building always break down.这幢大楼的电梯老是出毛病。6. show up 出现 出席 She didnt show up last night. 昨晚她没有出现7. 英语中表示把某物遗忘在某处常用 leave + 地点,而不是forget+地点 如：Unluckily, I left my book at home.不幸的是，我把书忘在家里了。8. close v. 关 adv. 接近地 靠近地 closed adj. 关的9. come out 出来；出现；出版；出狱例：Can you please come out?可以请你出来吗? When does her new book come out?她的新书什么时候出版？ The truth will come out. 真相会大白于天下。10. luckily adv. 幸运地 lucky adj. 幸运的 luck n. 好运11. give sb. a ride 让某搭便车 如：He often gives me a ride to school. 他经常让我搭便车去学校。12.only just 刚刚好、恰好例：She only just got here. 她刚刚到这的。 He sounded like hed only just woken up. 听他声音好像是刚刚睡醒。 I only just caught the last bus.我刚好赶上末班公共汽车。13. fool n. 傻子 呆子 v. 愚弄 欺骗 如：He is a fool. 他是一个呆子。 We cant fool our teach. 我们不能欺骗我们的教师。(动词)14. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某做事 如： My friend invited me to watch TV. 我的朋友邀请我看电视。15. set off 激起，出发；（使）开始；引起；点燃 例：This set off a wave of emigration. 这掀起了移民潮。 You had better set off at once.你还是马上动身的好。 Be careful when you set off fireworks. 燃放烟火时一定要当心。16. set up 建立；准备； 安排；引起例：What if we set up a foundation?如果我们建立一个基金呢? Set up a home or small office network. 设置一个家庭或小型办公网络。 He set up a shining example for us. 他给我们树立了光辉的榜样。17. so that 如此以致于 引导结果状语从句，so后面接形容词、副词. so that作为了时，引导目的状语从句，从句常出现情态动词，作结果状语从句时，从句中一般用情态动词 如：She got up early so that she could catch the bus.为了能赶上车，她起得很早。(目的状语从句) She was so sad that she couldnt say a word.她悲伤得一句话也说不出来。(结果状语从句)18.flee from 从逃跑 避开例：They fled from their home. 他们从他们家逃了出来。 They flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth. 他们逃离军队，但她在分娩过程中死亡。 A person forced to flee from home or country.被迫从家乡或祖国逃走的人。flee vi.逃走，逃掉；消失 Did the king really flee? 国王真的也逃走了吗？ The robbers tried to flee, but they were caught.强盗试图逃跑，但被抓获了。 vt.逃离，逃避 He was lucky to flee the burning hotel. 他很幸运逃出了失火的旅馆。19. thrill v . 使人非常激动，使人非常紧张Staring eyes thrill me to the bone.目光灼灼，令我浑身激动。thrilled adj. 指某人感到激动或感到紧张例：She was thrilled to tears by this good news.她听到这个好消息激动得流下眼泪。thrilling adj. 指某事物使人心情激动例：A thrilling wind blew off the frozen lake.刺骨的寒风吹着结了冰的湖。20. get married 结婚 例：She is to get married next month. 她下个月成婚。21. convince v. 使信服 convincing adj. 令人信服的Maybe I can convince her.也许我可以说服她.22. land v. 着落 How long is it before we land? 我们还有多长时间降落？23. be late for 迟到24. a piece of 一片/块/张 如： a piece of paper/ bread一张纸/ 一块面包. Multiple Choices. 1IlostthedictionaryI_ Ahavebought Bbought Chadbought Dhadbeenbought 2Thetrainhadgonewhenmy brother_atthestation Ahavearrived Barrived Chadarrived Damarriving 3. Mary _ of visiting her grandmother, but the bad weather made her change her mind.Ahasthought Bthought Chadthought Dhadbeenthought 4-DidyoumeetTomattheairport？ -No，he_bythetimeI_there Ahasleft；got Bhadleft；arrived Cleft；arrived Dleft；hadgot 5-WhydidntTomattendthemeetingyesterday？ -He_Beijing Ahasgoneto Bhadgoneto Cwentto Dhadbeento 6-I_tocometohelpyou -Butyoudidntcome Ahavemeant Bhadmeant Cmeant Dwillmean 7Finallyone of my friends_byBeijingUniversity，forwhichshe _ fivetimes Awere admitted; hadtried Bwasadmitted; had tried Cwere admitted; hastried Dwas admitted; tried 8-Ihaveboughtyouthebooksyouwant -Oh，good，I_afraidyouhadforgotten Awas Bam Chadbeen Dhavebeen 9We_fourthousandnewwordsbytheendoflastyear Ahadlearned Bhavelearned Clearned Dwillhavelearned 10Helen_herkeysintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband_home Ahasleft；comes Bleft；hadcome Chadleft；came Dhadleft；wouldcome 11. My father _ to the hospital when I hurried home. A. had gone B. went C. had been taken D. had been sent12. - Jim, _ you _ your homework? - Yes, of course, but I _ it late bed time. A. do do; finished B. did do; had finished C. have done; had finished D. have done; finished13. You _ football after school. Why not go home and do your homework first?A. always played B. are always playing C. have always played D. have always been playing14. Ever since Picassos painting went on exhibit, there _ large crowds at the museum every day. A. is B. has been C. have been D. had been15. -What do you think of my suggestion? - Sorry. Whats that? I _ about something else.A. was thinking B. thought C. am thinking D. had thought. Fill in the blanks according to the meanings of the sentences by using tenses of the verbs. 1. How many English songs _ she _ (learn) by the end of last month?、2. Hardly _ I _ (get) on the bus when it started to move3. He _(read) the book before he was ten years old. 4. She said she _ (see) the film before. 5. Our English teacher _ (teach) English in Guangxi for ten years before he came to No.113 Middle School.6. By the end of last month, they _(complete)the bridge . 7. No sooner _ I _ (go) out than he came to see me.8. He asked where I _ (go) during the summer vacation.9. The classroom _ (clean) before we _ (get) there yesterday.10. _ the boy _ (finish) his homework before you saw him? 11. When we got to the station, the train _ already _. (leave)12. The book _ by the end of last month. (finish)13. When I got back to th