写作课件.doc

Chapter 1Standard Written English1. Punctuation Abuse(标点错误)病句“He，won, we laughed”和“He laughed, she cried.”是典型的标点错误， 英语语法学家称之为“串句”，是我们写英文时常犯的错误。（1） 以下英文句子都是串句，为了便于我们改错，每句话都附上了中文意思。需要指出的是，改错并不仅仅是加上一个and 或but，而可以采用多种方法，例如主从句、分词短语、不定式等：a.The exam was postponed, and the class was cancelled.考试推迟了，上课取消了。b.His feet hurt from the long hike, and his stomach was growling.长途远足使得他脚也痛了，肚子也饿得咕咕叫。c.It rained all night, the ceiling began to leak.The ceiling began to leak because of the all-night rain. 雨下了整整一夜，天花板开始漏水。d.A woodpecker was tapping the trunk of a tree, a kitten observed from a distance.A woodpecker was tapping the trunk of a tree while a kitten was observing from a distance.啄木鸟在啄树干，一只小猫在远处观看。e .He lifted a rock, but it fell on his feet. 他举起一块石头， 石头砸在他的脚上。He lifted a rock and it fell on his feet.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his feet.（2）有的学生不仅两个句子中间用逗号，犯了串句错误， 而且更有甚者到处点逗号，结果错误百出。指出下面句子中哪些逗号是多余的:a.The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse and organized robbery.b.I leaned over the parapet and look at the city spread out below me.c.He told me that he hoped to buy a new car and to sell his old one.d.His students listened eagerly , busily taking down his words.e. A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.(3)以上讲到学生常犯串句错误。其实， 如果我们使用分号来替代串句中的逗号，那么句子就正确了。分号常用在两个或两个以上关系较为密切的分句之间。下面这些句子，只要添上分号就成立了：a.The moon went down ; the stars grew pale.b.One moment he was friendly; the next he was indifferent.c.Far into the night he worked ;as day dawned he sank back into the chair.d.He knew what he wanted; however he did not know how to get it.e.You must work hard ;otherwise you will not pass the examination.(4)引号主要用于直接引语，但也可以用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。引号还分双引号和单引号，美国英文一般用双引号。如果引语里面还有引语，那么外面用双引号。请给下列句子添上引号，同时注意标上其他必要的符号，如逗号、句号、冒号、问号、叹号等：a. How do you spell the word “Rewrite”?b.The movie is adapted from Charles Dickens novel “Great Expectations”.c.The coach yelled “Shoot!” when the clock had run down to only 3 seconds.d.He said, “ Alas. How foolish I have been!”2. Confusion of Words (用词混淆)英语中有些单词极易混淆。究竟应该使用什么单词，在许多情况下是由句子的意思或内容决定的，而有的学生却随便拿起一个词就用，结果往往用词不当。请做下面的选择题，要求选最恰当的词来完成句子。a.The truck was traveling at a high_.A. quickness B. acceleration C. speed D.rapidityb.My new house is very_ for the office as I can get there in 5 minutes.A. comfortable B. suitable C. available D.convenientc.The Wilsons believe so firmly in family equality that they never go to visit their friends without their childrens_.A. allowance B. permission C. admission D.concessiond.The Antarctic_ended up with many new findings helpful to geological research.A. excursion B. expedition C. migration D.campaigne.Nobody is able to explain the_ of this commonly-used expression.A. reason B. cause C. origin D.beginningf.The bus company ignores the many_ about overcrowding of buses.A. claims B. complains C. objections D.requestsg.The forecast predicted_weather with snow, sunshine, wind, and thunder, and that is just what we have had these days.A. fluctuating B. variable C.various D.differingh.Hitler_ everyone else for his lack of success with any occupation.A. accused B. blamed C. complained D.chargedi.The manager went ahead with his unpopular scheme , _ to hostile criticism.A.opposed B. indifferent C. sensitive D.unawarej.On Labor Day the workers will march in_through the town.A. process B. procession C.progress D.procedure3.Problems of collocation( 搭配问题 )Collocation 主要讨论的是动词与介词或副词的搭配问题，这是学习英语的一个难点，如果把所有的动词词组都列出来，可以构成一本厚厚的词典。这里仅做一些练习，希望可以引起同学们对这种搭配的重视：( 1 )Breaka.The plan was well conceived, but is broke down because people were unwilling to cooperate.b.The young man decided to break away from his family and went to live in Canada.c.One by one he broke with all his old friends.d.When Bob came in, Jean broke off her talk with Linda and talked to Bob.e. A rash broke out on her hands, so she went to see a doctor.( 2 ) puta.Dont believe it! Its just a rumor that someone has put about.b.The mother was very much put about when she heard the news that her son had had a car crash.c.There are some things that are not easily put up with , and his impertinece is one.d.We dont understand what you are saying. Please put you explanation across as simply and clearly as possible.e. Smith is putting himself up for election to the committee.4. Omission of Words ( 漏词 )如果你在写英文的时候，不注意英文的语言特点，比如说忽略了上面提到的动词搭配问题，那么你很可能漏写某个介词或副词，你写的句子也成了一个病句。漏字现象不仅仅表现在动词搭配上，也出现在其他许多方面。有的学生写英文句子，甚至连主语都没有，例如“After the lecture held a discussion.”。出现这种错误，还是由于受到母语的影响。以下每一个句子都有漏词，请把它们补上，使句子意思完整，结构正确：a. Rachel Carsons The Sea Around Us is as famous as or perhaps even more famous than her Silent Spring.b. Some ecology-minded readers appreciate Rachel Carson better than any other writer because of her fine style.c. She is remembered not only for her warning about the dangers of insecticed poisoning but also for her charming studies of the sea.d. Her death from cancer in 1964, perhaps as a result of her experiments with insecticides, was both a tragedy and an irony.e. Another ecological writer whose fame is well established and whose words are widely read is Barry Commoner.5. Wordiness ( 累赘 )下面的句子都啰哩啰唆，拖泥带水，请你把那些不必要的词划掉：a. Rachel Carson was a woman who pioneered in ecological studies.b. She wrote Silent Spring in order to awaken people the dangers of insecticide poisoning.c.The book tells about a spring when no birds sang.d. The robins disappeared from many areas of the country was that the elms were being heavily sprayed with DDT.e. The robin population was affected indirectly for one simple reason: they ate earthworms that had stored DDT in their bodies.6.Disagreement( 不一致 )英文句子的前后呼应是一个重要问题，表现在主语和谓语、主格和宾格、单数和复数、时态一致等方面。如果出了差错，不仅仅是语法问题，而且很容易造成意思上的误解。下面的句子都是病句，错误就在于用词前后不一致，请加以改正：a. Riding the horse were the two girls, Lily and Daisy.b. Blood, Sweat & Tears appeals to many age groups because of its effective combination of rock and jazz.c.The archeology section, sitting apart from the rest, were drinking their chocolate milk and discussing the plan of a dig near Poway.d.Rabies are always fatal if they are not treated immediately.e. Mill stressed the importance of originality as the catalyst for social progress and insisted that individuality should not be repressed.7 Non- Parallelism ( 不平衡 )一句话里往往会出现两个或两个以上的平行成分，这些成分应该保持平衡。例如：你想表达下述意思：“她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。”在中文“漂亮” 和“温柔”是形容词， “勤俭持家”却是动词短语。写成英文，最好使用三个平行的形容词：She is pretty, tender, and thrifty.请修改下面句子，使其结构保证平衡：a. Leonardo da Vince was known both as an inventor and a painter.b.To swim in a pool is not as much fun as to swim in a river.c.Knowing how to study and learning to budget time are important to college students.d.Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and avoiding sugar in your diet.e. My orders said that I was assigned to Alaska and I was going to leave within two weeks8.Misplaced Parts .( 错位 )英文句子的每个成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语和状语，应在句中占有正确的位置。如果放错了位置，那么这句话不仅是个病句，而且很可能造成意思上的误解。中文则不同，词序有较大的灵活性，例如：我不吃羊肉/ 羊肉我不吃/ 我羊肉不吃，这三句话的意思一样。而用英文，就只能说I dont eat mutton，而不能说I mutton dont eat。下面这些句子里都有一些词或词组放在错误的位置，请将它们纠正过来：a. Ralph Nader has become a well know name throughout our country.b.He is prone to speak out on consumer goods whenever he senses a danger to the public.c.The automobile, which Nader feels is a danger to the public, has been under his attack for several years.d. Nader thinks that the automobile is unsafe to the occupants of the car and to the general public.e. Partly through his efforts safety devices in cars such as seat belts were installed.9. Dangling Modifiers ( 垂悬 )在中文可以这么说:“打了一个小时篮球，胳膊都酸了。”英文却不能说：Having played basketball for an hour, my arms began to ache, 好像打篮球的行为者只是你的胳膊，而不是你这个人。这种错误叫dangling modifier,分词短语找不到行为者，只好“晃来晃去” （dangling）。下面每一组里都有三句话，其中有一句话有垂悬错误，请把这些病句指出来：a. After we had shouldered our knapsacks, the hike began.Shouldering our knapsacks, the hike began.Shouldering our knapsacks, we began the hike.b. On arriving at the river, the current was frightening. On arriving at the river, we were frightened by the current. When we arrived at the river, the current was frightening.c. If one is to hike well, endurance is needed. To hike well, one needs endurance. To hike well, endurance is needed.d. When only a baby, she was taught to swim by her father. When she was only a baby, her father taught her to swim. At the age of six months, her father taught her to swim.e. Going through the red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him. Going through the red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty. The traffic police on duty stopped him as he went through the red light.10. Ambiguity ( 模糊 )意思上的混乱、模糊是英文写作中常见的毛病，其原因是多种多样的，这里集中讨论一些比较隐蔽的模糊错误。写文章的人可能自己并不意识到犯了错误，可是读文章的人却看不明白作者到底要表达什么意思。当然，也有的人为了卖弄“学问”，写文章故弄玄虚，就是要你看不懂，才显示出他的“高深”。下面这些句子，也许令人发笑，但是作者的本意绝对不是如此：a. The monkeys in cages amused the people at the zoo.b. Thomas never received the letter lost in the mail. c. The puppy chewing a slipper wagged its tail at the lady.d. People throw away things that are unvaluable.e., Clare enjoyed the iced tea cooled by a tray of ice cubes.Chapter Two Improving Writting Strategies1 Sentence Combining ( 联句 )有时两个或更多的句子，如果思想内容上关系很密切，我们可以把它们联成一个句子。通过联句的方法，使文章意思更加连贯，结构更加紧凑，语言更加生动。掌握好联句的方法，对提高英语写作能力有很大的帮助。根据括号中的要求，做下面的联句练习：a. We hung up the print. The wall still looked bare. ( but )We hunged up the print but the wall still looked bareb. The children started hitting each other. I made them turn off the TV. ( so )The children started hitting each other , so I made them turn off the TV.c. I obtained a credit card. I began spending money recklessly. ( when )When I obtained a credit card, I began spending money recklessly.d. Mary put masking tape on her forehead at night.She wanted to stop wrinkle from forming. ( for )Mary put masking tape on her forehead at night for she wanted to stop wrinkle from forming.e. Tom picked up a hitchhiker.The hitchhiker was traveling around the world. ( who )Tom picked up a hitchhiker who was traveling around the world.2. Transformation ( 句型转换 )英语句型的转换，只要在不影响原意的基础上，符合英语表达习惯或语法规则，都是可以进行的。句型转换可改变其句型和结构，使表达方式千变万化，使文章富有趣味，所以要写好文章，就应该掌握好句型的转换。宾语从句的转换：宾语从句可以和不定式短语、动名词短语或名词短语互换。请做下列转换练习：1. The commander ordered that we should cut off the enemys retreat.The commander ordered us to cut off the enemys retreat.2. They said that he was a professor.He was said to be a professor.3. They suggested that we should set up more nurseries in this district.We were suggested setting up more nurseries in this district.4. He forgot that he had promised to go to the exhibition with her.He forgot promising her to go to the exhibition.5. The London dockers demanded that their wages be raised.The London dockers demanded a rise of their wages.3