VIP阅读讲义(1)--4_students.doc

VIP阅读讲义(1). Common sense. Some Misunderstanding . Question Type 细节题 词义/句义题 推断题 主旨题 态度题 例证题 结构题From a microcosmic perspective (an anlysis of reading comprehension for 2012)2012Text 1Text 2Text 3Text 4percent细节题323250词义/句义题011115推断题210120主旨题10005态度题001110例证题00000结构题00000From a macroscopic perspective （an analysis of reading comprehension from 2007-2012） 201220112010200920082007percent细节题1012121181052.5词义/句义题31233413.3推断题44015314.2主旨题1132 117.5态度题2211116.7例证题0011203.3结构题0011012.5细节题1） 普通细节题(非典型性)no obvious signs/unmarkedask 1) 2) 3) e.g. What plays a key role in making changes in a company? In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because_. What was the special advantage of the old type of suburb? The disappearance of old-style hotel porters can be attributed to the fact that_. The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that_. According to the passage the problems of colleage education partly arise from the fact that_. How did Mrs. Sifter get the attention of one of the authors children? （06-2）练一练: 找出下面题干中的细节题1. Minority languages can be best preserved in _2. According the paragraph 2,that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is _3. According to the author, bilingualism can help_.4. In the authors view, many endangered languages are_.5. Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it _.6. Which of the following might serve as the title of this passage?7.The boys parents thought their son should be excused mainly because_.8. The phrase “borderline passing” (Line3, Para3) probably means_.9. The sentence “once the situation is behind us, so are the promises” implies that_.10. According to the author, students commit plagiarism mainly for_.11. From Kris Carrs cancer tips we may infer that _12. The phrase cancer posse (Line 4, para.3) probably refers to _13. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?14. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr.Nyes book lies in his _.15. What does the passage mainly discuss?Ability1) 2)Solution1） 2) 3）Passage 1Today, the computer has taken up appliance status in more than 42 percent of households across the United States. And these computers are increasingly being wired to the Internet. Online access was up more than 50 percent just the past year. Now, more than one quarter of all U.S households can surf in cyberspace. Mostly, this explosive growth has occurred democratically. The online penetration and computer ownership increases extend across all the demographic levels -by race, geography, income, and education. We view these trends as favorable without the slightest question because we clearly see computer technology as empowering. In fact, personal growth and a prosperous U.S. economy are considered to be the long range rewards of individual and collective technological power. Now for the not so good news. The governments analysis spells out so called digital divide. That is, the digital explosion is not booming at the some pace for everyone. Yes, it is true that we are all plugged in to a much greater degree than any of us have been in the past. But some of us are more plugged in than others and are getting plugged in far more rapidly. And this gap is widening even as the pace of the information age accelerates through society. Computer ownership and Internet access are highly stratified along lines of wealth, race, education, and geography. The data indicates that computer ownership and online access is growing more rapidly among the most prosperous and well educated: essentially, wealthy white people with high school and college diplomas and who are part of stable, two parent households. The highest income bracket households those earning more than $75,000 annually, are 20 times as likely to have access to the Internet as households at the lowest income levels, under $10,000 annually. The computer penetration rate at the high income level is an astounding 76.56 percent, compared with 8 percent at the bottom end of the scale. Technology access differs widely by educational level. College graduates are 16 times as likely to be Internet surfers at home as are those with only elementary school education. If you look at the differences between these groups in rural areas, the gap widens to a twenty six fold advantage for the college education. From the time of the last study, the information access gap grew by 29 percent between the highest and lowest income groups, and by 25 percent between the highest and the lowest education level. In the long run, participation in the information age may not be a zero sum game, where if some groups win, others must lose. Eventually, as the technology matures we are likely to see penetration levels approach all groups equally. This is true for telephone access and television ownership. But eventually can be cold comfort in an era when tomorrow is radically different from today and unrecognizable compared with yesterday. 1. How many U.S. househoulds have linked to Internet today?A.More than 25 percentB.By 29 percentC.More than 42 percentD.More than 50 percent 2. According to the text, the computer use by the high-income levelis_that by the lowest income levels. A. 8 percent more than B. 76.56 percent more than C. nearly 10 times as many as D. about 20 times as many asPassage 2Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas. These diplomas wont look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates. Their validity will be questioned only when their employers discover that these graduates are semiliterate(半文盲) Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational-repair shopsadult-literacy programs, such as the one where I teach basic grammar and writing. There, high-school graduates and high-school dropouts pursuing graduate-equivalency certificates will learn the skills they should have learned in school. They will also discover they have been cheated by our educational system. I will never forget a teacher who got the attention of one of my children by revealing the trump card of failure. Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop his intellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs. Stifter.Our son was high-school senior when he had her for English. “He sits in the back of the room talking to his friends.” she told me, “Why dont you move him to the front row? ” I urged, believing the embarrassment would get him to settle down. Mrs. Stifter said, I dont move seniors. I flunk (使不及格) them. Our sons academic life flashed before my eyes. No teacher had ever threatened him. By the time I got home I was feeling pretty good about this .It was a radical approach for these times, but, well, Why not? “Shes going to flunk you.” I told my son. I did not discuss it any further. Suddenly English became a priority (头等重要) in his life. He finished out the semester with an A. I know one example doesnt make a case, but at night I see a parade of students who are angry for having been passed along until they could no longer even pretend to keep up. Of average intelligence or better, they eventually quit school, concluding they were too dumb to finish.” I should have been held back,” is a comment I hear frequently. Even sadder are those students who are high-school graduates who say to me after a few weeks of class.” I dont know how I ever got a high-school diploma.” Passing students who have not mastered the work cheats them and the employers who expect graduates to have basic skills. We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids cant learn if they come from terrible environments. No one seems to stop to think that most kids dont put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at risk. Theyd rather be sailing. Many students I see at night have decided to make education a priority. They are motivated by the desire for a better job or the need to hang on to the one theyve got. They have a healthy fear of failure. People of all ages can rise above their problems, but they need to have a reason to do so. Young people generally dont have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it. But fear of failure can motivate both. 1. How dis Mrs. Stifter get the attention of one of the authors children? A. Flunking him B. Moving his seat C. Blaming him D. Playing card with him2. The author believes that the most effective way for a teacher is to_.A. purify the teaching environmentsB. set up cooperation between teachers and parentsC. hold backD. motivate studentPassage 3Most human beings actually decide before they think. When any human being-executive, specialized expert, or person in the street - encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action? Answer: not very thoroughly .Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the pat of the losing faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesnt end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and. jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later ,or to reopen the debate at later meetings.There is a better. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, It isnt who is right, but what is right, that counts.The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing, it down, and organizing the flow of logic, its possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match. The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isnt possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, its possible to organize the experts information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; its a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the .source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.1. From the first paragraph we can learn that_. A. executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the streetB. very few people decide before they think C. those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do soD. people tend to consider carefully before making decisions2. According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is_.A. to make decision by debateB. to apply the Internet and wireless computer technologyC. to brake on the thinking process, slowing it downD. to creat a level of conceptual clarity3. The structured-inquiry process can be useful for_.A. decision makers B. intelligence analysis meetingC. the experts informationD. marketing focus groupsPassage 4In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问卷者)listed to give children a good start academically as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parentsIn the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education. Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens. 1. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to _. A. problem solving B. group experience C. parental guidance D. individually-oriented development 2. In Japans preschool education, the focus is on _. A. preparing children academically B. developing childrens artistic interests C. tapping childrens potential D. shaping childrens character 3. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to A. broaden childrens horizon B. cultivate childrens creativity C. lighten childrens study load D. enrich childrens knowledge 4. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university: based kindergartens? A. They can do better in their future studies. B. They can accumulate more group experience there. C. They can be individually oriented when they grow up. D. They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education. HomeworkPassage 1Businesses put lots of time and money into new plans, programs and excellent employees with the hope things will change. Yet, at the end of the effort, not much changes. What happensIn most cases, those new plans, programs and employees enter a company with an existing culture (文化). And plans, programs and new employees have a way of conforming to(顺应)the existing culture. The culture of your business is the result of a particular mindset , or a particular way of thinking and the general feelings about certain things. Most often, it is the mindset of the founder or people managing the business.The founder has gotten to where he is because of his skill sets, knowledge base and personal beliefs, which unfortunately all come with inherent (固有的)limits. Why Skills, knowledge and beliefs come from what he or she already knows or has experienced. In other words, it comes from the past. We ( people) try to make the past fit the future. Just because something worked in the past, doesnt mean it is suitable for the future. As the saying goes, if you do and think what you have always done and thought, you will have what you have always had.Therefore, lasting changes have to start with the way people think. To make changes in the way you think, you will be required ta set goals beyond your basic abilities and continuously think them thr