计算机语言课程解.docVIP

17Unit 1Text AComputer Basics1510152025HardwareThe physical portion of the computer.CPUCentral processing unit. The computer chip primarily responsible for executing instructions.MonitorThe screen for viewing computer information is called a monitor.MotherboardThe main printed circuit board in a computer that carries the system buses. It is equipped with sockets to which all processors, memory modules, plug-in cards, daughterboards, or peripheral devices are connected.Memory Computer memory is used to temporarily store data. In reality, computer memory is only capable of remembering sequences of zeros and ones, but by utilizing the binary number system it is possible to produce arbitrary rational numbers and through clever formatting all manner of representations of pictures, sounds, and animations. The most common types of memory are RAM, ROM, and flash.RAMRandom access memory. A data storage device for which the order of access to different locations does not affect the speed of access, except for bursts. Data is typically stored in RAM temporarily for use by the process or while the computer is operating. FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDR, etc. are all types of RAM.ROMRead-only memory is similar to RAM. It only cannot be altered and does not lose its contents when power is removed.MouseIn computer parlance a mouse can be both the physical object moved around to control a pointer on the screen, and the pointer itself. Unlike the animal, the proper plural of computer mouse is “mouses”.303540455055KeyboardA keyboard on a computer is almost identical to a keyboard on a typewriter. Computer keyboards will typically have extra keys; however, some of these keys (common examples include Ctrl, Alt) are meant to be used in conjunction with other keys just like shift on a regular typewriter. Other keys (common examples include Insert, Delete, Home, End, Help, function keys,etc.) are meant to be used independently and often perform editing tasks. Keyboards on different platforms will often look slightly different and have somewhat different collections of keys. Some keyboards even have independent shift lock and caps lock keys. Smaller keyboards with only math-related keys are typically called “keypads”. DiskA disk is a physical object used for storing data. It will not forget its data when it loses power. It is always used in conjunction with a disk drive. Some disks can be removed from their drives, and some cannot. Generally it is possible to write new information to a disk in addition to reading data from it, but this is not always the case.Floppy An extremely common type of removable disk. Floppies do not hold too much data, but most computers are capable of reading them. Note that there are different competing format used for floppies, so that a floppy written by one type of computer might not directly work on another, also sometimes called “diskette”.USB A really fast type of serial port that offers many of the best features of SCSI without the price. Faster than many types of parallel port, a single USB port is capable of chaining many devices without the need of a terminator. USB is much slower (but somewhat less expensive) than Firewire.I/O PortConnection to a CPU that provides a data path between the CPU and external devices, such as a keyboard, display, or reader. It may provide input only, output only, or both input and output. New Wordshardware5hB:dwZn. 硬件monitor5mCnitn. 监视器motherboard5mQTbC:dn. 主板memory5memrin. 记忆；回忆；存储器mousemausn. 鼠标keyboard5kibC:dn. 键盘diskdiskn. 磁盘，圆盘，唱片floppy5flCpiadj. 软的n. 键盘instructionin5strQkFnn. 指令；命令，指示，用法说明screenskri:nn. 屏；屏幕 vt. 掩蔽viewvju:n. 视域，观察，观看vt. 观察，观看informationinf5meiFnn. 消息，信息；通知equipi5kwipvt. 装备，配备socket5sCkitn. 插座，孔temporarily5temprriliadv. 暂时地，临时地rememberri5membvt. 记得，想起；记住sequence5si:kwnsn. 连续，继续；次序animation9Ani5meiFnn. 动画片，卡通typetaipn. 类型；样式pointer5pCintn. 指针，指示器typewriter5taipraitn. 打字机conjunctionkn5dVQNkFnn. 接合，连接；连接词performp5fC:mvt. 履行；表演vi. 行动taskta:skn. 任务，工作，作业keypad5ki:pAdn. 键区，数字按键键盘storestC:vt. 存储，储藏diskettedis5ketn. 磁盘input5inputvt. 输入n. 输入output5autputn. 产量；输出量；输出PhrasesI/O port输入输出接口circuit board电路板in reality事实上extra key扩充键be used in用于disk drive磁盘驱动器remove from 从删除in addition to除之外removable disk可移动磁盘external device外部设备serial port串行接口be capable of能够，具有的能力AbbreviationsCPU (Central Process Unit)中央处理器RAM (Random Access Memory)随机存储器ROM (Read Only Memory)只读存储器USB (Universal Serial Bus)通用串行总线SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)小型计算机系统接口Notes1 It is equipped with sockets to which all processors, memory modules, plug-in cards, daughterboards, or peripheral devices are connected.本句中，to which all processors, memory modules, plug-in cards, daughterboards, or peripheral devices are connected是一个由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，修饰先行词sockets，表示的意思是all processors, memory modules, plug-in cards, daughterboards, or peripheral devices are connected to the sockets. be equipped with的意思是“具有，装备有”；be connected to表示“与连接”。2 but by utilizing the binary number system it is possible to produce arbitrary rational numbers and through clever formatting all manner of representations of pictures, sounds, and animations.本句中，by utilizing the binary number system和through clever formatting是介词短语做方式状语。it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to produce arbitrary rational numbers。在all manner of representations of pictures, sounds, and animations前省略了it is possible to produce。3 Generally it is possible to write new information to a disk in addition to reading data from it, but this is not always the case.本句中，write to 的意思是“把写到”; in addition to的意思是“除了之外”，等于besides；this 指的是它前面的整个句子；case的意思是“情况”。4 Faster than many types of parallel port, a single USB port is capable of chaining many devices without the need of a terminator.本句中，Faster than many types of parallel port是一个形容词短语做原因状语。ExercisesEx. 1 根据课文内容，回答以下问题。1. What is the main function of CPU?2. Through what computer information can be viewed?3. What kind of devices can be connected to the sockets in the motherboard?4. What kind of system is utilized in order that arbitrary rational numbers can be produced in memory?5. How can all manner of representations of pictures, sounds and animations be produced?6. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?7. What is the plural form of the noun “mouse” when it is used as an input device of the computer?8. What disks can be removed from their drives, what cant?9. Why is a single USB port capable of chaining many devices without the need of a terminator?10. What provides a data path between the CPU and external devices?Ex. 2 根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩 略语）。英 文 解 释词 汇A processor whose elements have been miniaturized into one or a few integrated circuits. It is usually used in PC.The main board of a computer, usually containing the circuitry for the central processing unit, keyboard, and monitor and often having slots for accepting additional circuitry.A unit of a computer that preserves data for retrieval.A hand-held, button-activated input device that when rolled along a flat surface directs an indicator to move correspondingly about a computer screen, allowing the operator to move the indicator freely, as to select operations or manipulate text or graphics.A set of keys, as on a computer terminal, word processor, typewriter.A connection point for a peripheral device.A machine code telling a computer to perform a particular operation.The information or image displayed at a given time on a monitor, display, or video terminal.An input device, sometimes part of a standard typewriter keyboard, consisting of a separate grid of numerical and function keys arranged for efficient data entry.Information put into a communications system for transmission or into a computer system for processing.Ex. 3 把下列句子翻译为中文。1. On most computers, a keyboard is the primary text input device.2. The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the left one is used most frequently.3. Windows 95 and other operating systems let the user adjust the sensitivity of the mouse.4. In some systems, the user can also choose among several different cursor appearances.5. Some people use a mousepad to improve traction for the mouse ball.6. The second button, on the right, usually provides some less-frequently needed capability.7. Some mouse manufacturers also provide a version for left-handed people. 8. Today, the mouse is an integral part of the graphical user interface (GUI) of any personal computer.9. The keyboard also contains certain standard function keys.10. The “IBM-compatible” PC is associated with business (as well as home) use.Ex. 4 把下列短文翻译成中文。The systems front panel and the comprehensive keyboard have dedicated buttons, taking you to the main multimedia features: photo, music, and video. The front panel also has quick-launch buttons for TV viewing and a TV guide.Ex. 5 通过Internet查找资料，借助如“金山词霸”等电子词典和辅助翻译软件，完成以下技术报告。通过e-mail发送给老师，并附上你收集资料的网址。1. 简述键盘当前的发展状况及性能（附各种最新键盘的图片）。2. 目前有哪些新颖的鼠标？请附图片与简要描述。3. 简述最新PC性能与价格。4. 你所知道的可以通过USB接口与PC相连接的设备有哪些？Word Building学习英语的关键与难点之一就是记忆单词。机械地逐一记忆单词会花费大量的时间。而且，在计算机行业中还不断涌现出一些新构造出来的词，如unformat、undelete、resetup、uninstall等。这些单词往往在字典中查不到。因此，必须学会科学地记忆单词和识别新词。其实，英语单词有其内在的结构规律，这就是构词法。掌握了构词法，则可达到举一反三、见词识义的学习效果。因此，掌握构词法是快速记忆英语单词的捷径。常用的构词法有合成、转化及派生三种。1合成法（compounding）由两个和两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方法就叫“合成法”。用合成法构成的词叫做“复合词”。复合词可以有三种书写形式：连起来写（如网络network），分开写（如汽车站bus stop），用连字符连在一起（如内置的built-in）。由三个以上单词构成一个复合词时常采用第三种方法。例如，现代的up-to-date，一对一的one-to-one，容易使用的easy-to-use。合成词的前一个词常用来说明后一个词，例如，主板motherboard，子板daughterboard。绝大部分合成词的词性由最后一个单词决定，但也有例外，如up-to-date就是形容词。合成词的构成方法如下：1）合成名词（compound noun）（1）名词+名词wave + length wave-length 波长band + width bandwidth 带宽，频带宽度bench + mark benchmark 基准测试bold + face boldface 粗体clip + board clipboard 剪贴板chip + set chipset 芯片组copy + right copyright 版权data + base database 数据库finger + tip fingertip 手指尖firm + ware firmware 固件，硬件lap + top laptop 膝盖，膝面，膝上screw + driver screwdriver 螺丝刀 snail + mail snailmail 慢邮件spread + sheet spreadsheet 电子表格；数据表Web + site website 网站（2）名词+动名词machine + building machine building 机器制造book + learning book learning 书本知识hand + writing handwriting 手写的（3）动名词+名词waiting + room waiting-room 候车室building + material building material 建筑材料swimming + pool swimming pool 游泳池（4）形容词+名词short + hand shorthand 速记hard+ ware hardware 硬件soft + ware software 软件lower + case lowercase 下档；小写字母upper + case uppercase 上档；大写字母broad + band broadband 宽波段fresh + man freshman 大（中）学校一年级学生hard + copy hardcopy 硬拷贝 （5）动词+名词pick + pocket pickpocket 小偷break + water breakwater 防水堤（6）副词+动词in + put input 输入out + put output 输出；产量out + come outcome 结果（7）动词+副词feed + back feedback 反馈get + together get-together 联欢会stand + still standstill 停顿Ex. 6 将A栏和B栏的单词匹配构成复合单词，再将其翻译成中文。Column AColumn BChinese meaning of compound worddaughterwritersoftwhatplugformkeyrelatedtypeinplatpadsomewaremathputkeyboardinboardStructure及物动词（transitive verb, i.e., vt.）构成的基本句型英语中及物动词构成的句型最为复杂，掌握了及物动词的句型，也就基本掌握了英语句型。总体说来及物动词可以构成主动宾、主动双宾、主动宾补这三种基本句型。这里所讲的三种形式的宾语类似于汉语，是最容易掌握的。 名词做宾语(noun as object)【例】A disk will not forget its data when it loses power. 电源关闭后，磁盘上的数据不会丢失。【例】Computer keyboards will typically have extra keys. 计算机的键盘有一些特有的扩展键。 that 从句做宾语（that clause as object）【例】The teacher explained that the most common input device is a keyboard.老师解释说最常使用的输入设备是键盘。【例】He has realized that the central processing unit(CPU) is the brain of the computer.他意识到了，中央处理器是计算机的大脑。 疑问连词引出从句充当宾语（clauses introduced by wh-words as object）【例】Do you know why the motherboard is equipped with sockets?你知道为什么主板上要装备有插槽吗？【例】I wonder how computer memory can store all manner of representations of pictures, sounds, and animations.我不理解（想弄明白）计算机内存怎么能够存储所有代表图片、声音和动画的数据。Ex. 7 用名词做宾语将下面的汉语译成英语。1. 访问不同地方的顺序不影响访问速度。2. 我们一般将数据临时存放在RAM中。3. 鼠标器能够控制屏幕上的光标指示器。4. 有的键盘有单独的上下档锁定键和大写字母锁定键。1510Ex. 8 用that从句做宾语将下面的汉语译成英语。1. 你应该知道，你不仅仅能够读取磁盘上的数据，也能够往上面写新的信息。2. 你应该意识到，软盘容纳不了多少数据。3. 我们计算机老师说，USB要比火线慢多了。4. 我认为CPU主要责任是执行指令。Ex. 9 用疑问连词引出的从句充当宾语翻译下列各句。1. 请说说显示器是干什么用的。2. 我想知道为什么内存能够存储任何的有理数。3. 我不知道是不是所有磁盘都可以从驱动器中取出来。4. 你能够建议一下我在何处买一个U盘吗？Text BPCIn its more general usage, a PC (personal computer) is a computer designed for use by one person at a time. Prior to the PC, computers were designed for (and only affordable by) companies who attached terminals for multiple users to a single large computer whose resources were shared among all users. Beginning in the late 1980s, technology advances made it feasible to build a small computer that an individual could own and use. The term “PC” is also commonly used to describe an “IBM-compatible” personal computer in contradistinction to an Apple Macintosh computer. The distinction is both technical and cultural. The “IBM-compatible” PC is one with an Intel microprocessor architecture and an operating system such as DOS or Windows that is written to use the Intel microprocessor. The Apple Macintosh uses a Motorola microprocessor architecture and a proprietary operating system. The “IBM-compatible” PC is associated with business (as well as home) use. The “Mac”, known for its more intuitive user interface, is associated with graphic design and desktop publishing. Keyboard15202530354045On most computers, a keyboard is the primary text input device. (The mouse is also a primary input device but lacks the ability to easily transmit textual information.) The keyboard also contains certain standard function keys, such as the Escape key, tab and cursor movement keys, shift and control keys, and sometimes other manufacturer- customized keys. The computer keyboard uses the same key arrangement as the mechanical and electronic typewriter keyboards that preceded the computer. The standard arrangement of alphabetic keys is known as the Qwerty (pronounced KWEHR-tee) keyboard, its name deriving from the arrangement of the six keys at the upper left of the three rows of alphabetic keys. This arrangement, invented for one of the earliest mechanical typewriters, dates back to the 1870s. Another well-known key arrangement is the Dvorak (pronounced duh-VOR-ak, not like the Czech composer) system, which was designed to be easier to learn and use. The Dvorak keyboard was designed with the most common consonants on one side of the middle or home row and the vowels on the other side so that typing tends to alternate key strokes back and forth between hands. Although the Dvorak keyboard has never been widely used, it has adherents. Qwerty keyboardThe Qwerty (pronounced KWEHR-tee) keyboard is the standard typewriter and computer keyboard in countries that use a Latin-based alphabet. Qwerty refers to the first six letters on the upper row of the keyboard. The key arrangement was devised by Christopher Latham Sholes whose “Type-Writer”, as it was then called, was first mass-produced in 1874. Since that time, it has become what may be the most ubiquitous machine-user interface of all time.The Qwerty arrangement was intended to reduce the jamming of typebars as they moved to strike ink on paper. Separating certain letters from each other on the keyboard reduced the amount of jamming. In 1932, August Dvorak developed what was intended to be a faster keyboard, putting the vowels and the five most common consonants in the middle row, with the idea that an alternating rhythm would be established between left and right hands. Although the Dvorak keyboard has many adherents, it has never overcome the culture of learning to type on a Qwerty.MouseA mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position. The mouse first became a widely-used computer tool when Apple Computer made it a standard part of the Apple Macintosh. Today, the mouse is an integral part of the graphical user interface (GUI) of any personal computer. The mouse apparently got its name by being about the same size and color as a toy mouse. 50A mouse consists of a metal or plastic housing or casing, a ball that sticks out of the bottom of the casing and is rolled on a flat surface, one or more buttons on the top of the casing, and a cable that connects the mouse to the computer. As the ball is moved over the surface in any direction, a sensor sends impulses to the computer that causes a mouse-responsive program to reposition a visible indicator (called a cursor) on the display screen. The positioning is relative to some variable starting place. Viewing the cursors present position, the user readjusts the position by moving the mouse. 5560657075The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the left one is used most frequently. In the Windows operating systems, it lets the user click once to send a “Select” indication that provides the user with feedback that a particular position has been selected for further action. The next click on a selected position or two quick clicks on it causes a particular action to