东北林业大学2011年语言学概论试题.doc

东北林业大学20112012学年第一学期2009级英语专业期末考试试题A装 订 线课程名称：英语语言学概论 班级： 学号： 姓名：考试科目：英语语言学概论 考试时间:120分钟 试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points)Directions: Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.2. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.3. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.4. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.5. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.8. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.9. In the sentence “Money is often said to be the root of all evil”, “root” is used in its conceptual meaning. 10. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.Part II Multiple Choices (40 points)Directions: There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptiveB. analytic C. descriptiveD. linguistic2. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. paroleB. performance C. langue D. Language3. A historical study of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronicB. diachronic C. prescriptiveD. comparative4. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 5. The informative function is predominantly the major-role of language, it is also called _ function in the framework of functional grammar. A. ideational B. descriptive C. prescriptive D. textual6. The sound f is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative7. The open syllable refers to the syllable that has no _. A. coda B. onset C. nucleus D. rhyme8. Saussure took a (n)_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. applied pragmatic D. semantic and linguistic9. _ refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix. A. Affix B. RootC. Stem D. Suffix10. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme11. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _ construction.A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate12. “John married a blond heiress.”_ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent withC. entails D. presupposes13. _ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. PolysemyB. Synonymy C. HomonymyD. Hyponymy 14. _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. ReferenceB. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 15. By componential analysis, BECOME(x, ( ALIVE(x) is an explanation of _. A. die B. dead C. kill D. murder16. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of oneor more of its _.A. center B. constituents C. part D. element17. In Austins speech act theory, _ is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary actC. a constative act D. an illocutionary act18. _ refer to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur together in a sentence. A. Syntagmatic relation B. Hypotactic relations C. Paradigmatic relation D. Paratactic ralations19. A sentence which is used to describe something and can be said to be true or false is a _. A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive20. The semantic relationship between flower and rose is _. A. hyponyms B. hyponymy C. co-hyponymsD. superordinatePart III Definitions (20 points)Directions: Define the following terms.1. arbitrariness 2. consonant3. grammatical subject & logical subject4. cooperative principle Part Answering Questions (30 points)Directions: Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for your illustration if necessary.1. The following sentence is taken from Barack Obama s Victory Speech. The underlined words are stressed by Obama. State the general rules of sentence stress and discuss whether the underlined words conform to these rules ( e. g, which ones are generally stressed; which ones are normally not stressed but get stressed here; and which ones that are normally stressed but are not stressed here). If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.2. Differentiate phone, phoneme and allophone by citing examples.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?答 题 纸装 订 线课程名称：英语语言学概论 班级： 学号： 姓名：考试科目： 英语语言学概论 考试时间:120分钟 试卷总分:100分项目一二三四五六七八内容判断 (10%)选择(40%)概念 (20%)问答(30%)卷面（100%）折合(70%)平时(30%)总分得分评卷教师得分Part I True or False (10 points)1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _ 6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _得分Part II Multiple Choices (40 points)1ABCD2ABCD3ABCD4ABCD5ABCD6ABCD7ABCD8ABCD9ABCD10ABCD11ABCD12ABCD13ABCD14ABCD15ABCD16ABCD17ABCD18ABCD19ABCD20ABCD得分Part III Definitions (20 points)1._2._3._4._得分Part IV Answering Questions (30 points)1._2._3._标准答案及评分标准装 订 线 考试科目：英语语言学概论 考试时间：120分钟 试卷总分: 100分Part I True or False (10 points)标准答案：1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T评分标准：本题共10小题，每答对一题得1分，共计10分。Part II Multiple Choices (40 points)标准答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D7. A 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. B 17.D 18. A 19. A 20. B评分标准：本题共20小题，每答对一题得2分，共计40分。Part III Definitions (20 points)标准答案：1. It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to different objects is another good example. However, according to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. The elements in the sentences are usually arranged by grammatical rules. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.2. consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.3. grammatical subject & logical subject: they are two terms accounting for the case of subject in passive voice. Take the sentences A dog bit John and John was bitten by a dog as examples. Since the object noun (John in this case) sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies; the subject (a dog), now the object of a preposition (by a dog), is called a logical subject, since semantically the subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an action.4. cooperative principle: this is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims.评分标准：本题共4小题，每答对一题得5分，共计20分。每题答案中的斜体部分为该题采分点。Part Answering Questions (30 points)标准答案：1. Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the later usually due to an increase in loudness, length or pitch. This means that stress is a relative notion. The stress pattern in English is no easy matter. In principle, the stress may fall on any syllable. They also change over history and exhibit regional and dialectal differences. In general situations, notional words are normally stressed while structural words are unstressed. Nevertheless, sentence stress is often used to express emphasis, surprise etc. So stress may fall on any word or any syllable.In Barack Obamas Victory Speech, the underlined words apparently do not conform to those general rules. The content words like still, doubts, America, things, possible, wonders, dream, founders ,alive, questions, power, democracy, tonight are all generally stressed. But the function words like anyone, all. our, your that are normally not stressed get stressed here. And those words like place, time, answer that are normally stressed are not stressed here. These are all for emphasis and the shocking effect of the speech. It well conveyed Obamas intention to the listeners. 2. Phones are the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some dont. A phoneme is a basic unit in phonology; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is