词汇与结构.doc

词汇/结构部分一、试题介绍 词语用法和语法结构是大学英语四级考试测试的五个项目之一,共30题,考试时间20分钟。题目中40为词和短语的用法，60为语法结构。其目的是测试学生运用词汇、短语及语法的能力。二、解题技巧指导 词汇/结构的考核一直以来是对学生英语运用能力评估的重要依据之一。通过分析总结，考核的方式无外乎两种：单项选择题和单词的适当形式填空。在单选题中，语法知识与词汇知识并重，都是考查重点。而填空题，看似重点在词汇，而实际上它更侧重在一定的语法条件下，考核学生能否正确地使用一个单词的不同形式。下面，我们就从语法知识与词汇知识两方面，为单选题和填空题总结出一些可行性的方法，以供学生参考。一 语法考点 虚拟语气，定语从句，状语从句，非谓语动词，倒装句，主谓一致，省略句，词序等都是语法考查的重点。而考试中，多见的却是这语法项目中不常见的用法。下面，我们就各种语法现象进行分类说明，通过例题的分析，来说明它们的考试重点。一 虚拟语气1. 用if引导的虚拟语气用if引导的虚拟语气是最常见的虚拟形式，我们应牢记非真实条件句及主句的各种动词形式。情况 if条件从句 主句与现在的 事实相反 过去式 （be用were） would (should, could, might) +do与过去的事实相反 过去完成式 (had done) would (should, could, might) +have done与将来的事实相反1过去式 2.should do 3. were to do would (should, could, might) +do 1) If I _ how awful the job was going to be, I wouldnt have accepted it. A. realized B. had realized C. was realized D. did realize答案：B2. 省略了if的虚拟语气 要注意省略了if 的虚拟语气，从句部分要用倒装形式，也就是说在非真实条件从句中，助动词were, should, had可以放在句首而省略掉if。1) _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they to arrive D) Were they arriving答案：C3. 错综时间的虚拟语气 有时候，条件从句的动作与主句的动作发生的时间不一致， 这时就应根据不同的时间 用不同的动词形式来表达。 1) if I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile 答案：A 很明显，此句中“站”这个动作发生在过去， 而“笑”这个动作却发生在现在，因而两个动词的形式与常见形式有所不同。4. Essential, important, necessary, vital 等词引导的主语从句常用虚拟语气，结构为should动词原形，should可被省略掉。这类情形中，应格外注意当从句中的主语为单数第三人称，或谓语动词为被动语态时，此时答案往往是省略了should的动词原形，即肯定式用do或be，否定式用not do或not be，被动式用be done。1) It is vital that enough money _ to fund the project.A) is collected B) be collected C) must be collected D) can be collected答案：B2) It is necessary that he (take) _ a good rest after working for a long time. 答案：take5. If only, wish, would rather, would sooner 都具有表达某种愿望的含义，其后所跟从句用虚拟语气。If only, wish引导的从句应根据动作发生的时间来判断动词是用一般过去式，过去完成式，还是过去将来式。而would rather, would sooner引导的从句的动词一般用过去式来表达。1) Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.A) had followed B) follow C) would follow D) have followed答案：A 从第一个句子 “我现在的情况糟透了”, 可推断出 “我早该接受你的建议”,故应用过去完成时表达对过去的一种愿望。2) I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A) could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 答案：A2) Id rather you (_) nothing about it for the moment. (say)答案：said6. 表达要求，命令或建议的动词所跟从句的谓语动词应用should +动词原形, should可被省略。此类题中,应注意两点: 1. 这些动词用被动形式时同样适用于上述原则 2. 当这些动词在句中不表达要求或建议含义时,所跟从句的谓语动词与其时间状语保持一致。 表示建议的动词有：suggest, propose, recommend, move, advise 表示要求的动词有：request, require, demand, ask, insist, desire, urge, prefer 表示命令的动词有：order, direct, instruct1) We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans.A) inform B) informs C) informed D) had informed答案：A2) He suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition together.A) us to go B) we went C) we shall go D) we go答案：D3) All the evidence suggested that he (_) her the bad news. ( tell )答案：had told 很明显,此句中suggest 的意思为 “表明”, 不可用should tell。 7. But for, without, with, under等介词短语以及用连词or, otherwise, but引导的句子也能表达非真实的条件, 句子的动词应根据具体情况用不同的形式。1) But for his help, I _ the exam. A) didnt pass B) should not pass C) could not pass D) could not have passed 答案：D 2) We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we _ him.A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned答案：A 3) Some women _ a good salary in a jog instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B. should have make C. would make D. could have made 答案：D8. Its time/high time后面接不带that的定语从句，从句里的动词用过去时，表示该干而没干的事。 1）It is time you _ a holiday. A. will have B. had C. have D. are going to have 答案：B9. 在以连词as if, as though引出的与事实不符的方式状语从句中，从句的谓语一般用动词的过去式表示现在情况的推测，用过去完成式表示对过去情况的推测。 1）Daniel appears as though he _ the secret. A. know B. knew C. will know D. had known 答案：B10. lest引导的状语从句中，不管从句中用什么人称，或主句中的动词的时态怎样，从句中的动词都用should+动词原形，should可被省略掉。 1) The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure 答案：A练习：1. Its necessary that the director _ all of the copies, not just the one on the top.A. sign B. signs C. will sign D. has signed 2. I advise you _ thinking of such a dangerous plan.A. stopping B. stop C. being stopped D. to stop 3. If _his wifes money , hed never be a director. A. having not B. there wasnt C. it werent for D. it wont for4. It is too noisy outside; I wish those boys _ make so much noise.A. couldnt B. wouldnt C. cant D. wont 5. The emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the papers assigned _ in two days. A. were handed B. has been handed C. should hand D. be handed6. How nice it _ if you _ a bit longer. A. is can stay B. will bewill stay C. could becould stay D. should be would stay7. If she (know) _ that her behavior was not welcome, she would have been more careful with her manners. 8. The football team hoped that they (win) _ another victory soon. 9. I shouldnt have taken your umbrella if I (know) _ that it was the only one you had.10. Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but if you had spent less time in watching TV, they (be) _ better.Key: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. d 6. d 7. had known 8. win 9. had known 10. would have been 二 非谓语动词1. 分词的独立主格结构分词的独立结构通常考两种结构:（1）名词(代词) + 分词 当遇到两个主谓结构，中间用逗号而不是用连词隔开时，应考虑其中一个主谓结构用分词的独立结构来表达。分词也应根据具体情况用相应的形式来表达其时态与语态：当名词或代词与分词为主谓关系时，用现在分词；为动宾关系时，则用过去分词。现在分词的完成时是考试的重点，它反映出分词的动作先于句子谓语的动作。 1) A new technique (_) out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 per cent. ( work) 答案：having been worked 2) Time _, they will start to do a new job. (permit)答案：permitting（2） with +名词(代词)+ v-ed或v-ing 做这类题时，首先应注意到WITH这个介词标志，其后名词为中心词，中心词后常用分词作后置定语，定语的形式是考查重点。当中心名词是分词动词的动作发出者，则用现在分词，反之为接受者时就用过去分词，过去分词前加being不会影响分词的意义。当然我们也应注意到分词动词在不同时间的时态。在做选择题时，首先可排除分词形式以外的选项，再对具体情况进行分析，得出正确答案。1) After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school. A) to be encouraged B) being encouraged C) been encouraged D) be encouraged 答案：B练习：1. Tom _to reach home before dawn, an accident happened on the way. A. has attempted B. attempting C. being attempted D. attempts 2. Such _ the case, there is no reason to complain about it.A. be B. been C. being D. to be 3. Jane finally got off the crowed train, her face_ with sweat. A. covered B. was covering C. is covered D. covering4. _ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldnt go on with the experiment. A. Since B. For C. As D. With5. With such a short time (leave) _ before the deadline, nobody can fulfill the task.Keys: 1. b 2.c 3. a 4. d 5. left 2. 现在分词与过去分词的其它用法（1）分词短语作状语分词短语作句子的状语是很常见的语法现象，用于表达时间，原因，方式，伴随情况，条件等。此时分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语完全一致，但却被省略了。做题时，首先要考虑分句的谓语动词与句子主语的关系，从而确定是用现在分词还是用过去分词：如果是主谓关系，用现在分词；若是动宾关系，则用过去分词。当然，许多学生仍旧感到疑惑的是v-ed 与being V-ed，having been v-ed的区别。应该注意是的v-ed是动词的过去分词形式，作状语时表达发生在过去的状态或经常性的行为，而being v-ed和having been v-ed是动词现在分词的被动语态形式，分别表示一般时和完成时，表达动作正在进行或已经完全。这一类题中，不定式的选项也常是一个干扰项。实际上，当不定式短语作状语时，常表达目的或结果，这一点与分词作状语时的功能完全不同。1) _ in a poor family, she is used to a simple life.A. Born and breeding B. Having born and bred C. Born and bred D. Being born and bred答案：C 2) (Not pay) _ attention to anything his colleagues say, he frequently doesnt know whats happening in the company.答案： Not paying3) A sign was put there _ people of wearing safety helmets in this area.A. remind B. for remind C. reminded D. to remind答案：D 本句的意思为：这儿立的牌子是为了提醒进来的人戴安全帽，此处的不定式结构起目的作用。 （2）分词短语作定语作定语时, 现在分词多表达分词动词与中心名词的主动关系，或动作正在进行。而过去分词多表达其与中心词间的被动关系或已完成的动作。现在分词与过去分词放在名词和代词后作定语是常见的现象，在这类题中，不定式同样也是一个常见的干扰项，只是不定式短语作定语时常表达将来时。1) The police started off to search for the (miss)_ boy after they received the call from the parents.答案: missing2) If the building project _by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. A. to be completed B. is completed C. being completed D. completed答案: A 本句的by the end of this month为将来时间状语，故而答案用不定式结构。3) If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one_.A. to correct B. correcting C. having corrected D. being corrected答案: D4) He knew that was William _ in at the gate.A. come B. coming C. to be coming D. to come答案: B（3）分词作补语在及物动词+名词或宾格代词+分词的结构中，名词或代词为宾语，分词用作宾语的补语。当名词或代词与分词动词构成主谓关系时，用现在分词；当名词或代词与分词动构成动宾关系时则用过去分词。表义为“感觉”和“致使”的动词如catch, discover, feel, see, hear, notice, watch，have, keep, get，make后常用动词的现在分词作补语，1) When I caught him _me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheated答案: A3) “Is there anything you want from town? Im going to get these letters_,” said Liza.A. mail B. mailed C. to mail D. to be mailed答案：B练习：1. Air pollution is causing many diseases in our large_ industrial cities today. A. crowding B. to be crowded C. crowded D. being crowded 2. _with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.A. Dissatisfying thoroughly B. Being thoroughly dissatisfied C. to dissatisfy thoroughly D. To be thoroughly dissatisfied3. The farmer kept the cow _so that it would not go away.A. tied up B. tying up C. tie up D. to tie up 4. His English was so poor that he found it difficult to _. A. make himself to be understood B. make himself understand C. make himself understood D. make himself to understand5. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class. A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change 6. His words left me _ about his real purpose. A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering 7. I caught him (steal) _ in the shop. 8. The cost of meals in big cities varies greatly, (depend)_ on choices. 9.An old man was sitting on a seat in a small park (surround)_by new red brick houses. 10. (assume) _that his story is true, what should we do?11. You are invited to a party (give) _ at our school at 7 p.m. next Saturday.12. Did you notice a young man (enter) _ the house just now?13. The chairman said, “The plan (discuss)_ now must be kept as a secret.”14. Never (lose) _ faith in himself, Martin went on with his experiment.15.If (ask) _ for the explanation of the population explosion in the would, I would definitely find it difficult. keys: 1. c 2. b 3.a 4. c 5. c 6. d 7. stealing 8. depended 9. surrounded 10. Assuming 11. to be given 12. entering 13. being discussed 14. losing 15. being asked3 不定式短语的特殊用法(1) 不定式的时态与语态表达方式大多数情况下，我们要用不定式的一般式to+v，但是当有时间状语修饰它时，就应注意其表达式的变化。如当出现all the time, now, at this moment 之类的状语时，就应用to be doing 来表达动作正在进行或动作的持续性状态；当用yesterday, last week, before等表达过去的时间状语来修饰不定式短语时，我们就需用to have done来表达。另外，不定式动词与前面的名词或代词为动宾关系时，则要考虑用不定式的被动式。1）Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem _ all the time.A. to get worse B. getting worse C. to have got worse D. to be getting worse答案: D 2）Mrs. Brown is supposed _ for Italy last week.A. to have left B. to be leaving C. to leave D. to have been left答案: A3）A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A. to have been translated B. to translate C. to be translated D. to have translated 答案: A(2) 不定式短语作宾语许多动词如decide, think, desire, determine, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, care, fail, used to 等后面只能跟不定式作其宾语，而不可用动名词作其宾语。不定式短语也可放在疑问副词wh-Q, what, how等后，一块做及物动词如know, find out, discover, inquire, see, understand, show等的宾语。1）We _ to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hoped B. would hope C. had hoped D. should hope 答案: C2) There is more land in Australia than the government knows _.A. what to do with B. how to do C. to do with it D. to do it 答案: A(3) 不定式作补语要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有表义为“感觉”的feel, see, hear, notice, watch等， 或意思为“致使”的 have, make, let, get等，以及固定词组had better, would rather, had rather等。值得注意的是，有些表义为“感觉”和“致使”的动词如feel, see, hear, notice, watch，have, keep, get后也可跟动词的现在分词作补语， 区别在于：现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作正在进行；不定式作宾语补足语着重动作发生的全过程，有时表达动作已完成。1) I tried to make everyone (feel) _ comfortable here.答案: feel2) Dont have him _ it if he doesnt want to.A. do B. done C. to do D. doing答案： A (4) 不定式作定语不定式短词在介词+which / whom 之后作定语，这类结构常可以还原成一个定语从句。一些抽象名词如attempt, desire, decision, intention, determination, pressure等， 后面只能用不定式作定语，而不用分词作定语，此时的不定式与抽象名词不是主谓或动宾关系，而是修饰关系。值得注意的是，有时不定式短语后在面要一个介词与前面的名词或代词一起组成介宾关系，这个介词不可省略。1) The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed d. having competed答案: A 2）You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _ to suspend your tent.A. there B. them C. which D. where答案: C 3) Could you find someone _? A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennisC. play tennis with D. playing tennis with答案: A (5) 带to与不带to的不定式而考题中，常会考查学生是否掌握了不带to的现象。表“除了”介词前的动词含有动词do的任一种形式如does, did, done，介词后跟不带to的不定式，反之，则需跟to do形式。这类词有except, but, other than。但 Have no choice but必须跟带to的不定式。下面的词语后而也应跟不带的不定式： would rather, had better, would sooner, would just as soon, would rather.than, would.rather than, would soonerthan, had soonerthan.1）That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _ the police.A. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in答案：D 2）Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than _a room with someone else. A. share B. to share C. sharing D. to have shared 答案：A3) They could do nothing but (wait) _ for the bus to arrive. 答案：wait练习：1. I have heard both teachers and students _ well of him. A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak2. I was strange to the town then, so I had John _ me a house. A. finding B. find C. found D. to find 3. She hasnt decided whether to go home or _ at school during the vacation. A. staying B. to stay C. should stay D. stayed 4. The film of which I am speaking is _ at all the cinemas of this district next month. A. to show B. showing C. to be showing D. to be shown 5. I enjoyed my visit here, Ill be very sorry_. A. to leaving B. of leaving C. to leave D. with leave6. They did not observe Christine (come)_ in and go upstairs. 7. I picked a stick up (defend) _ myself. 8. Im sorry not to (come) _ on time due to the traffic block on my way. 9. Things are known (burn) _ when they mix with the oxygen at the air. 10. You didnt hear us come in last night. Thats good. We tried (not be)_ noisy. keys: 1. d 2. b 3. b 4.d 5. c6. come 7. to defend 8. to have come 9. to burn 10. not to be4 动名词1） 动名词作宾语动名词也是一种非谓语形式，主要起名词的作用，在句中可做主语，表语，定语，宾语，同时又具有动词的某些特征，即有语态与时态的变化，可以带宾语，状语等等构成动名词短语。它的一般式为doing，被动式为being done；完成式是having done，完成被动式是having been done。介词和很多及物动词都可用动名词作宾词，常见的只可跟动名词的动词和短语有：avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, mind, miss, practise, require, suggest, cant help, give up, insist on, feel like, be busy, no use, be used to, be object to等。 1) Its better to avoid _ downtown during the rush hour.A. to drive B. driving C. having driven D. to be driving 答案：B2) I have no objection to _ the window to get some fresh air.A. you to open B. your open C. your opening D. you open答案：C2） 动名词与不定式作宾语时的差别很多动词既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作其宾语，但其含义有明显的差别，常见的动词有：remember/forget doing sth. 记得/忘记做过某事； remember/forget to do sth. 记得/忘记要去做某事； stop doing sth. 停止做某事； stop to dosth. 停下手上的事来做这件事；mean doing sth. 味着做某事 mean to do sth.打算做某事1) He remembered _ in this school when he was ten years old.A. teaching B. being taught C. to teach D. to be taught 答案：B2) If I had remembered _the window, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed 答案：A练习： 1. Though James really appreciates _to help him, he is sure the he will be able to manage it on his own. A. Helen to offer B. Helens offering C. that Helen offers D. that Helen offer 2. Eric regretted _ the earlier f