Nivaldo_Chemistry-a_molecular_approach课件第一章.ppt

1 Chemistry AMolecularApproach 2 AbouttheLecturer BrightHeisaself employedchemistryteacher He whosemajorismaterialscienceandengineering receivedhisBachelorofEngineeringinJinanUniversity SinceSeptember2010 hehasbeguntoteachhighschoolchemistryinJingHwaMiddleSchool AndsinceSeptember2011 hehasbeguntocompileawholesetofstudyguidesforhighschoolchemistry WaysofContact QQ 280144834Email yongshi010 Blog 3 TheTextbookandTheStudyGuide TheTextbookByNivaldoJ TroPrenticeHallTheStudyGuide Sorry wedon thaveacoverpictureyet ByBrightHe 4 Introduction FundamentalChem AdvancedChemGeneralChem SpecialChemHowtolearnthelesson2partsofeachlessonThetextbookandtheStudyGuide Remember Listeningtomylecturingisveryimportant butit sfarfromenough Youshouldreadthetextbookthoroughlyaftereachlesson Youcangetlotsofnewideasaboutchemistryandchemistrylearning ThisisESPECIALLYIMPORTANTincollege 5 ASmallQuiz TrueorFalse TorF Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhetherthey reTrueorFalse CO2isapuresubstance Themeltingofironisachemistryprocess We dprefertoconsideritsvolumeinsteadofmasswhenwe remeasuringagasoraliquid 1 0kPasharesthesameaccuracywith1kPa 6 Chapter1 Matter Measurement andProblemSolving 7 Introduction Whatdoyouthinkisthemostimportantideainallofhumanbeingknowledge Learnalanguage English Cantonese LearntodriveacarLearngeometryAndlearnchemistry Whatischemistry Whichoneispredominant Molecule oratom ormatterbehavior 8 1 1AtomsandMolecules Lookatthepicture what stheconfigurationofahemoglobinmolecule Linearor3Dnetwork FindaCOmoleculeandtellwhichisthecarbonatomandwhichisoxygen What sthemainfunctionofhemoglobin Accordingtothepicture whyisCOsodeadly What sthedeterminantofCO sproperties 9 AcomparisonofCOandCO2StateofmatterSpeciesandnumbersofatomsMolecularmassShapeofmoleculeToxicityConclusion 10 Writeoutthemolecularformulaofwaterandhydrogenperoxide Comparison StateofmatterSpeciesandnumbersofatomsMolecularmassShapeofmoleculeUsageWhat schemistry 11 1 2TheScientificApproachtoKnowledge Wheredoesknowledgecomefrom Plato sideaScientificmethodQualitative QuantitativeAqualitativedescripitionAquantitativedescription 12 AscientificapproachtodiscovertheknowdgeObservation What sthelawofconservationofmassandwhoproposedthat DoweliveourdailylifeSCIENTIFICALLY 13 What stheatomictheoryaboutandwhoproposedit What sthedifferencebetweenatheoryandalaw DoConceptualConnection1 1 14 1 3TheClassificationofMatter Whatismatter Designanexperimenttoprovethereisairaroundus Inwhichwayscanweclassifymatter Usually howmanystatesdoesamatterhave Inthecaseofwater whatdowecallitwhenit sineachofthosestates Whydoesasolidhaveafixedvolumeandrigidshape 15 What sthedifferencebetweenacrystallinesolidandanamorphoussolidinregardtotheirstructure Howmanyothercarbonatomsdoeseachcarbonatombindtoindiamond Canyouexplainwhydiamondhasquitedifferenthardnesscomparedtocharcoal 16 Acomparisonamongsolidmatter liquidmatterandgaseousmatter 17 Whyisamatterinitsgaseousstatemuchmorecompressiblethaninliquidorsolidstate Givesomeexamplestoshowagaseousmattercanbecompressed DoConceptualConnection1 2Considerthedensityofamatterinthosethreestates inwhichstatedoesithasthelargestdensity why 18 Whatwealreadyknow 19 Whatwedon tknow Mixturecanbeclassifiedinto and Givesomemoreexamplesofheterogeneousmixtureandhomogeneousmixture Indistillation toavoidtheliquidfromturbulentboiling whatcanwedo Elaboratethefractionaldistillationofcrudeoil Fractionaldistillationcanbeunderstoodasaseriesofdistillation 20 Considerthepreparationofrefinedsalt what sthedifferencebetweendistillationandvaporization 21 Tellsomenoticesintheprocessoffiltration thefirstoneisgiven Thefilterpaperridgeshouldbelowerthanthefunnelridge Byfiltration whatimpuritiescanbegotridofinthecaseofsaltrefinement Andwhatcannot 22 1 4PhysicalandChemicalChangesandPhysicalandChemicalProperties Whatisphysicalchange What sthedifferencebetweenwaterandice Ifwecutthistextpaperintotwohalves whathaschangedofthepaper Seefig 1 7 atthemouthoftheflask canweseewhitefogorwhitesmoke Whatisthat Whatischemicalchange Tellsomechemicalchangesinourdailylife Seefig 1 8 ineachcell repeatingunit oftheiron howmanyironatomsarethere Andhowmanyinthatoftheironoxide 23 Whatisphysicalproperty Tellsomephysicalproperties Lookatthetextpaper whatphysicalpropertiesdoesithave Andthechalkboard Whatischemicalproperty Whatchemicalpropertiescanthistextpaperhave Andthesodadrink likePepsiCola Designsomeexperimentstotesttheirchemicalproperties Whatcharacteristicphenominadochemicalchangesusuallyhave 24 SeeP12What stheuseofdryice Whydoesithavethisuse What stheuseofCO2gas Whatpropertydeterminesthisuse WriteoutthestructuralformulaofCO2 H2Oandpropane FinishEXAMPLE1 1FinishConceptualConnection1 3 25 Homework Oralwork P37Exercises1 17Oralworkmeansyoudosomepreparationsforanoralreport Youneedn ttowritethereportoutinaveryformalform Writtenwork P38 P39ProblemsbyTopic33 50Pleaseremembertoreadthetextafterclass ThisisEVENMOREIMPORTANTthanfinishingtheexercises 26 1 5Energy AFundamentalPartofPhysicalandChemicalChange Lookatthefollowingpicture explaintheenegychangesintheprocess Whatobsorbsenergy Whatreleasesenergy Whatstatechangedoeswatergothrough 27 Decidewhichoneisaprocessofobsorbingenergyandwhichoneisreleasingit BurningafirewoodUsingdryiceasacooler 28 Whatisenegy Whatiswork Everydayweeatfoodtolive sowhichofthefollowingnutritionmainlyservesasourenergysource A ProteinB SugarC WaterD SaltDoyouthinkalltheenergyweobtainfromthefoodturnsintowork Ifnot whatelsecanitdo 29 Energycanbeclassifiedinto and Whyisthermalenergyakindofkineticenergy Whatisthelawofconservationofenegy Andwhatisthelawofconservationofmass Whydoeswateralwaysliketoflowdownwards 30 Writeoutthechemicalequationofburningnaturalgas Decidewhichsideoftheequationhasalargerpotentialenergyandwhichsideismorestable 31 1 6TheUnitsofMeasurement Quiz WhichofthefollowingunitsbelongtotheEnglishsystem kilogram inche yard centimeterCanyoutellsomeunitsintheChinesesystem What stheimportanceofIS 32 Fillintheblanks 33 Thelengthofchemicalbondsisnear class A centimeterB millimeterC nanometerIfyouweighyourselfonthemoon doesyourweightchangesmaller Doesyourmasschangesmaller Thebreakingtimeperiodsofsomemolecularbondsis class A nanosecondB picosecondC femtosecond 34 Let sdosomesummary NOTE Youmayfindsomemoreinformationaboutvolumeonpage19 35 What sthetransferingdirectionofheatbetweentwoobjectswithdifferenttemperatures Howdoyouexplainabonfirecanmakeuswarmduringcoldnightintheoutside Comparethe3differenttemperaturescales 1 C F KWhat stheroomtemperature 22 C intheFahrenheitandKelvinscalerespectively Canwaterboilat212 FinChongqing 36 DoEXAMPLE1 2withoutconsultingtothesolution Youmaychoosetocoverthesolutionwithsomething Compareyouranswertothesolution seewhetheryougetthecorrectanswer what sthedifferencebetweenyourprocedureandthetext s FinishForPractice1 2 Youmayuseacalculatorforconvenience TrytodoitinthewaylikeEXAMPLE1 2 37 Whydoesm sorkg m3notaSIbaseunit Doyouthinkm2isaSIbaseunitornot Wheredoesanareaunitcomefrom Seethestatementbellowandimitateit Anyunitoflength whencubed raisedtothethirdpower becomesaunitofvolume Volumeofcube egdgelength 3Areaofasquare 38 Whichweighsmore copperoraluminium Whichhasalargerdensity copperoraluminium What sthedifferencebetweenintensivepropertyandextensiveproperty Pointoutwhichonesbelongtointensiveproperty Hardness Volume Odor Mass color 39 DoEXAMPLE1 3 Doyouknowwhodidsuchanexperimentandproposedaprincipleaccordingly FinishForPractice1 3andForMorePractice1 3DoConceptualConnection1 4 40 1 7TheReliabilityofaMeasurement Accordingtothedatafromthefirstchart intheyear1997 howmuchvolumewastherein1m3ofair Whattendencycanyouconcludefromthechart CanyouthinkoutsomewaystodecreasetheemissionofCO What stheconnectionbetweendigitsofthedataandcertainty Isitgoodtouse11 insteadof11 5 fractionordecimal 41 Whichdigitrepresentstheuncertainty Forexample15 0means 17 73means theupperlimitis thelowerlimitis Ingeneral scientificmeasurementsarereportedsothateverydigitis exceptthe whichiis 42 What stheweightofthepistachio开心果nutonthefirstbalance Whichdigitiscertain andwhichisuncertain What sthatonthesecondone Whichdigitsarecertain Canwereporttheseconddataas1 2g DoEXAMPLE1 4FinishForPractice1 4 43 Whataresignificantfigures Howdoyouexplain non place holding Is1 2 103thesameas1 20 103 Why Is1200thesameas1200 Why Whatisexactnumber Tellsomeexamplesofexactnumber What stherulesignificantfigureruleforexactnumber 44 DoEXAMPLE1 5FinishForPractice1 5 45 What sthegeneralruleforsignificantfigurescalculation Whyinthefirsttworules theyallemphasize thefewest What sthedifferenceinrulesformultiplication alsodivision andaddition alsosubtraction 46 DoEXAMPLE1 6FinishForPractice1 6 47 What sthedifferencebetweenAccuracyandPrecision WhatcanbetheinfluencialfactorsofAccuracy WhatcanbetheinfluencialfactorsofPrecision Canahigherprecisionresultinhigheraccuracy 48 Whatisrandomerror Canitbeavoided Whatissystematicerror Canitbeavoided IfstudentDgetsaseriesofresultsallabovethetruevalue isitaramdomerrororasystematicerror 49 1 8SolvingChemicalProblems UnitConversionProblems1m dm cm mm1mm m nm1 0 103kg cm3 densityofwater g mLWhatisdimensionalanalysis WriteoutthecalculationprocessaccordingtoP28for1m dm cm mmWhat stheconversionfactorintheaboveexample 50 Findtheconversionfactor 1km 1000m 1mol 6 02 1023Then 2 3km 0 05mol writeouttheprocessofconversion Howcanwedeterminetheresultisrightorwrongaccordingtotheunit Drawtheconceptplansforthelastexamples Andthereverse 51 What stheconceptualplanforsolvinggeneralproblems What sthefour stepprocedureinsolvinggeneralproblems Intheexampleof1 0 103kg m3 1g mL doyouworkforwardorbackwardorboth Ifyougetaresult thedensityofsomeunknowngasis1 251g mL 101kPa 0 doesitmakesense 52 DoEXAMPLE1 7and1 8Youmayfindsomeusefulinformationonpage19FinishForPractice1 7and1 8 53 UnitConversionProblems1m2 dm2 cm2 mm21m3 L mLFindtheconversionfactorsinlastexamples Writeoutthecalculationprocessaccordingto