构 词 法.doc

构 词 法语言中词的总和构成词汇，但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一个严密体系，在这个结构的体系中，词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。英语中的这些联系的规律总结起来就是构词。英语中构词的方法就是构词法。构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。第一节 合成法合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writing desk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如，用辅音字母s来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有：salesman, townspeople等。合成的方式常见的有如下几种：一、合成名词1、名词代词名词：woman-doctor, women-doctors, workshop, spaceship, he-goat, coal fire, motorcycle, gas cooker, oil well, power plant, silk worm, gold mine, bottleneck, piano keys, telephone receiver, television screen, chairman, fireman, motorman, police-officer, postman, pine tree, girl friend, boy friend, goldfish, raindrop, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed, tearoom, 2、动词名词：blowpipe, flashlight, watchdog, call-girl, searchlight3、形容词名词：blacksmith, blackboard, supermarket, superman, darkroom, blackbird, highchair, hothouse, greenhouse, madman4、动名词名词：reading-room, sitting-room, classroom, schoolroom, dining room, building materials, dancing girl, cleaning women, flying machine, washing machine, working conditions, boilding point, drinking water, swimming pool, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick, 5、名词动名词：machine-building, shoe-making, paper-correcting, book-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, story-telling, town-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, churchgoing, daydreaming6、动词副词：stand-by, take-off, cut-off, breakdown7、副词名词：downfall, rainfall, outhouse8、现在分词名词：running dog, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick, 9、名词介词名词：man-of-war, editor-in-chief, 10、名词连词字母名词：handiwork, nowadays11、介词副词名词：afternoon, inland, overbalance二、合成形容词1、形容词名词ed：five-storeyed, one-eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed, 2、名词名词ed：honey-mouthed, 3、名词代词分词：man-made, heart-broken, self-educated, snow-covered, man-eating, peace-loving, paper-making, ocean-going, heartfelt, handmade, home-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten4、名词代词形容词：color-blind, ice-cool, seasick, airsick, tax-free, grass-green, snow-white, rock-hard, sea-green5、形容词数词名词：full-time, high-grade, second-hand, 6、形容词数词分词：ready-made, sleepy-looking, good-looking, 7、副词分词：far-reaching, so-called, hard-working, far-reaching, well-meaning, newly-laid, well-meant, wide-spread8、副词形容词：ever-green, under-ripe, 9、形容词形容词：dark-blue, red-hot, grey-green10、介词名词：downhill, overnight三、合成副词1、形容词名词：sometimes, meanwhile2、副词名词：oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead3、介词名词：alongside, beforehand4、名词形容词：skyhigh, stonestill,5、副词介词：nearby, upalong, 四、合成动词1、 名词动词：overhear, underline2、 形容词动词：moonwalk3、 副词动词：white-wash, safeguard五、其它合成词1、合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything2、合成介词：outside, inside, throughout第二节 转化法不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。由于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主要有如下几种类型。一、名词起定语作用（类似名词转化为形容词）：space travel, television network, stone table, paper bag, water pipe, history teacher, college students二、名词转化为动词：boatgo boating, dustto dust the desk, filmto film this story, mailto mail, shipto ship the goods, trainto train 三、形容词转化为动词：slowto slow down a little bit, dryto dry your hands, wrongto wrong sb, freeto free the slaves, narrowto narrow the street, 四、动词转化为名词：to actan act, to dressa good dress, to doubtwithout any doubt, to guide usa local guide, to smella terrible smell, to lovelove of ones country, to tastea good taste, to demanda demand for more equal rights五、形容词转化为名词：chemicaldangerous chemicals, dailyChina Daily, finala maths final, nativea native第三节 派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1、否定前缀(1) un-a. un +形容词：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue b. un+副词：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily由un形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。c. un动词：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack (2) im形容词：impossible, impolite(3) in形容词：incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent(4) ir形容词：irregular(5) mis动词：misspell, misunderstand, mistake(6) dis-a. dis名词：dishonour, disease, discomfortb. dis形容词：dishonest, discouragedc. dis动词：disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, discomfort, dismiss2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1) a，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在之上、向、处于状态”：ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。(2) fore，表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg(3) in, il, im, ir表示“向内在内”：inside, include, import(4) inter，表示“在间、相互”：international(5) intro，表示“在（向）内”：introduce(6) out，表示“向外”：outside, outlook, outdoors, outflow(7) over，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow(8) pre，表示“在前”：prefix, preposition(9) pro，表示“在（向）前”：progress, programme(10) sur，表示“在上”：surface, surround(11) trans，表示“转移”：translate(12) under，表示“在下”：undergraound, underline(13) up，表示“向上”：upward, upset, upstairs(14) be，表示“在，靠近”：before, behind, below, between, beyond(15)ex，表示“向外，从出来”：exchange, export(16) tele，表示“远”：telephone, television, telegram, telegraph3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀(1) fore，表示“在前，预先”：foreword, foresight, foretell(2) mid，表示“中间”：midnight, midsummer, midautumn(3) post，表示“在后”：postwar, postlistening(4) re，表示“重复”：review, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebuild(5) extra，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary(6) over，表示“超过”： overcome, overeat, overpass (7) super，表示“极、超”：supermarket, superpower, superman, superpower4、表示共同、相等关系(1) com（在b, m, p前），col，con，cor（com在g, l, r及其它辅音前）：company, cnnect, correct(2) co：cooperate, coexist(3) sym：sympathy, symphony 5、表示整个、完全关系(1) al：alone, almost, altogether(2) over：overall, overflow, overfall6、表示“离、离开”(1) a：arise, away, apart (2) de：depart, dewater, decolour(3) se：separate, select(4) for：forget, forgive7、变换词类作用的前缀(1) enem：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower(2) ad，ac，af，ag，an，ap，ar，as，at，（ad在c, f, g, I, n, p, r , s, t前的变体）：adapt, across, affect, appear, arrange, assist, attend, attract8、表示加强意义(1) a：ashamed, arouse, amuse(2) ad：address, admire, advise, advance(3) be：belong, believe9、表示特殊意义(1) arch，表示“首位、主要”：architect(2) auto，表示“自动”：automobile, autobiography(3) magni，表示“大”：maginificent(4) micro，表示“微小”：microscope, Microsoft, microcomputer(5) bi，表示“数量”：biweekly, bicycle, bimonthly(6) mini，表示“小型”：minibus, miniskirt, mini-factory, mini-market二、后缀后缀是指在一个词的尾部加上一个词缀构成新的词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。常用后缀大约有96个，大致可分为五类。1、名词后缀(1) 构成表示人的名词后缀a. 动词er表示人：traveller, hunter, reader, worker, keeper, driver, listener, discoverer, reporter, owner, speaker, weaver, winner, buyer, leader, runner, swimmer, ruler, viewerb. 名词er表示人或物：villager, prisoner, geographer, farmer, lawyer, cookerc. 形容词er表示人：foreigner, stranger, southernerd. 动词or表示人：actor, director, inventor, operator, governor, professor, conductor, visitor, sailore. 名词eer表示人：engineer, volunteer, mountaineer, pioneerf. 名词（动词）ress表示女性：actress, waitress, authouress, millionaires, tailoress, tigeressg. 名词cian：mathematician, physician, politician, musicianh. 名词ese：Chinese, Japanese, Portugese, Taiwanese, Cantanesei. 名词an：American, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Russianj. 名词（或al结尾的形容词）ist：artist, communist, novelist, physicist, violinist, pianist, naturalist, socialist, scientist, typist(2) 构成抽象名词与集合名词的后缀a. 动词age：package, marriage, carriage, postage, storage, luggage, baggage, percentageb. 动词ure：failure, pleasure, pressure, mixture, fixturec. 形容词ity：majority, electricity, activity, equality, possiblility, ablilityd. 动词ment：argument, judgement, achievement, astonishement, development, excitement, encouragement, movement, government, punishment, treatment, statement, department, enrichmente. 动词ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition：education, graduation, translation, separation, operation, celebration, congratulation, action, invention, attraction, connection, election, collection, devotion, pollution, decision, division, attention, description, production, redution, revision, permission, examination, explanation, consideration, invitation, imagination, pronunciation, satisfaction, addition, repetition, competitionf. 名词形容词动词ery/ry：bravery, discovery, machinery, slavery, chemistryg. 形容词动词y： difficulty, honesty, safety, activity, injury, unity, discoveryh. 动词al：arrival, survival, burial, proposal, disapproval, refusali. 名词形容词ship：friendship, leadership, hardship, citizenship, comradeship, professorship, warship, memberhipj. 名词hood：boyhood, girlhood, childhood, neighbourhood, manhoodk. 动词ance/ence：appearance, entrance, guidance, difference, referencel. 形容词动词th：truth, length, youth, strength, depth, wealth, warmth, width, growthm. 形容词名词dom：wisdom, freedom, kingdomn. 形容词名词ism：communism, socialism, Marxism, imperialismo. 动词ing：building, feeling, dancing, meetingp. 形容词ness：kindness, illness, sickness, brightness, selfness, correctness, happiness, darkness, weakness, carelessness2、形容词后缀(1) 名词动词able/ible：valuable, reasonable, comfortable, countable, enjoyable, horrible, terrible, responsible(2) 名词al/ia/ual：cultural, agricultural, natural, physical, musical, practical, national, technical, industrial, material, actual(3) 名词ic/ical：electric, basic, electric, atomic, plastic, magic, scientific, electrical, historical, medical, chemical, physical(4) 名词ish：foolish, childish, womanish, Spanish, British, English(5) 名词动词ful：careful, powerful., tearful, beautiful, hopeful, wonderful, fearful, thankful, harmful, useful, frightful(6) 名词动词less：careless, hopeless, useless, harmless, homeless, wireless, endless, selfless, powerless, fearless, valueless(7) 名词ar：regular, particular, (8) 名词ary：revolutionary, extraordinary, contrary(9) 名词形容词ly：friendly, motherly, brotherly, monthly, weakly, wooly, lovely, lively, lonely(10) 名词en：wooden, woolen, golden, (11) 名词ern：eastern, western, northern, southern(12) 名词y：cloudly, sunny, shiny, windy, rainy, snowy, lucky, salty, hilly, funny, healthy, sleepy, foggy, dusty, lucky, muddy, wealthy, noisy, easy, dirty, thirsty, angry, hungry, smoky, sandy(13) 名词ous/ious：dangerous, famous, nervous, poisonous, serious, curious, various, mountainous, homourous(14) 名词动词some：handsome, troublesome, tiresome(15) 动词ant：pleasant, excellent(16) 动词ive(atove)：active, expensive, talkactive, comparative, relative(17) 动词ed：excited, learned, tired, interested, surprised, pleased(18) 动词ing：interesting, moving, exciting, tiring, surprising3、副词后缀(1) 形容词ly：badly, nearly, mostly, quickly, roughtly, quietly, sliently, sadly, slowly, commonly, softly, frequently, rapidly, deeply, slightly, lightly, fairly, smartly, certainly, excitedly, curiously, firmly, sliently, constantly, seriously, particularly, coldly, suddenly, freely, highly, lately, finely, politely, completely, widely, immediately, unfortunately, surely, closely, truly, wholly, probably, simply, possibly, impossibly, getly, terribly, easily, busily, happily, heavily, angrily, prettily, hungrily, shyly, dryly, carefully, finally, usually, actually, really, naturally, beautifully, dully, fully, scientifically, phsically(2) 名词介词ward/wards：northward, southward, eastward, westeward, downward, upward, backward, forward, toward, afterwards4、动词后缀(1) 形容词名词en：deepen, broaden, widen, darken, weaken, sharpen, blacken, redden, whiten, tighten, stengthen, lengthen, heighten(2) 形容词名词fy：beautify, satisfy, electrify, purify, terrify(3) 名词形容词 ize/ise：realize, modernize(4) ate由外来词构成：libreate, educate, operate, translate, graduate, separate, celebrate, congratulate(5) ish由外来词构成：finish, publish, astonish(6) 形容词en：enable, enlarge, enrich5、数词后缀(1) 基数词teen：thirteen, fourteenk fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen(2) 基数词ty：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty(3) 基数词th：fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth三、中缀在英语有些词在结合时，需要有一个中间的起连接作用的中缀，这类词汇不多，常见的中缀是字母s。如：salesgirl, salesman, townspeople,