语言学答案.doc

一 填空1. 语言变化包括phonological change(音位变化) , morphological change（形态变化） , syntactic change（句法变化）,lexical and semantic changes（词法和语义变化）。2. 单词的意义变化可体现在哪三个方面widening of meaning narrowing of meaning ,meaning shift 3. 决定语域的三个变量：field of discourse(语场)、 tenor of discourse(语旨)、 mode of discourse（语式）。 4. 关于语言习得的三个理论：a behaviorist of language acquisition（行为主义者的语言习得观）、an innatist view of language acquisition(语言天生主义者的语言习得观)、an interactionist view of language acquisition(互动主义者的语言习得观)。5. NL:TL comparisons ( Contrastive Analysis)对比分析：汉语英语, IL: TL comparisons (Error Analysis)错误分析：汉语英语， NL:IL comparisons (Transfer Analysis) 利用中介语分析6. 克鲁申“i+1”理论：Krashens Input Hypothesis：Krashen make a distinction between acquisition & learning.He put forward that learners advance their language learning gradually by receiving comprehensible input.He defined comprehensible input as “i + 1” : “i” represents learners current state of knowledge, the next stage is an “i + 1”.Krashen mistook input and intake, thus receive criticism.7. 第二语言习得中个体差异包括：Language aptitude（能力） ，Motivation，Learning strategies ，Age of acquisition（习得年龄） ，Personality 。8. 新词的构成包括：compounding(复合词)、derivation(派生词)、coinage(创新词)、clipped words(缩略词)、blending（紧缩法）、acronyms（首词缩略）、back-formation（逆构词法）、functional shift（功能转换）、borrowing（借用）。9. 语言的正式程度：intimate、casual、consultative、formal、frozen。10. 语言变体分为哪三类：dialectal varieties（方言变体） ，register（语域），degree of formality（正式度）。11. 表示中介语石化的原因：satisfaction of communicative needs，lack of control，quality of input，lack of input，native language influences，inappropriate target language instruction。二 缩写WTO：World Trade Organization、UNESCO：United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization、LAD: Language Acquisition Device、CPH: Critical Period Hypothesis(临界期假设)SLA: Second Language Acquisition、UG: Universal Grammar、WHO: World Health Organization三 名词解释1Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）A sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.2 Speech community（语言社区）In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as members of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study is called the speech community. 3 culture(文化) In a broad sense, culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc. There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual.4 Second language acquisition (SLA)（第二语言习得）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. 5 Language Acquisition Device（LAD）（语言习得机制）: originally Chomsky referred to this innate ability as Language Acquisition Device, also known as LAD. The LAD was described as an imaginary “black box” existing somewhere in the human brain. 6Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)（临界期假说）Eric Lenneberg argues that the LAD, like other biological functions,works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time - a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.7 Sapir Whorf Hypothesis（假设假说） Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters peoples perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.8 Interlanguage（中介语）,according to Selinkers definition, is defined as an abstract system of learners target language system, it has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.四 True and False1 All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language. (T) Because of LAD.2 It is easy for parents to teach their children grammer.(F)Because childrens grammatical development is gradual and some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of 10.3 The young child is not taught to speak,or to understand his language.There is no formal learning of grammer or pronunciation practice. (T) Because language is acquired.4 At first children do not inflect nouns or verbs. (T) Because at the very beginning,language is totally about content.5 Children learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds of language samples they receive. (F) Because of CPH.6 For a child to acquire his mother tongue the most basic requirement is that he hears people speaking this language.He will then begin to learn the language. (T)Because when a child acquires his native language,he needs language environment.7 Phonology and grammar are finite,tightly structured systems,the child must master them before puberty（青春期）in order to be a native speaker of the language. (T) Because of CPH.五 改错1. Please do not hinder my work. Please dont hinder me in my work. (negative transfer) 2. -You arent satisfied with this work, are you?- No, I am No, I dont. (negative transfer) 3. During the meeting we discuss about the research project. During the meeting we discuss the research project. (Overgeneralization)4. Alison is in poor health. She is easy to catch cold. Alison is in poor health. It is easy to catch cold for him. (overgeneralization) 5. The scenery is too beautiful to describe it. The scenery is too beautiful to describe. (Cross-association) 6. To touch the society. -To keep in touch with the society. （negative transfer ）7. There are many people come to study in the states. There are many people who come to study in the states. (negative transfer)8. I wait you at the gate of the school. I wait for you at the gate of the school. ( negative transfer) 9. Eat medicine. - Take medicine. (negative transfer) 10. He gave me much books. He gave me many books. (Cross-association) 11. Some students do not care others. Some students do not care for others. (negative transfer) 12. They are busy searching jobs. -They are busy searching for jobs. (negative transfer) 13. It has been existed for a long time. It has existed for a long time. (overgeneralization)14. The bus is arrived. -The bus has arrived. (overgeneralization)15. You should return the library the books. You should return the books to the library. (overgeneralization) 16. He reported the police the accident. He reported the accident to the police. (overgeneralization) 17. I forgot the car accident happened at the corner of that street. I forgot the car accident that happened at the corner of that street. (negative transfer) 18. The idea occurred to me was a very vague one. The idea that occurred to me was a very vague one. (negative transfer) 19. Linguistics is getting more and more important to our understanding of the world, some knowledge of it is beneficial. As linguistics is getting more and more important to our understanding of the world, some knowledge of its is beneficial. ( negative transfer) 20. Humor helps us in many ways, we all need it. As humor helps us in many ways, we all need it. (negative transfer) 六 简答题1 Bilingualism and Diglossia（双语和一种语言的两种变体的区别） In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism.Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But in stead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.2 第二语言习得和第一语言习得的相同与不同Similarities Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Differences Second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. The language they produce, which is called interlanguage or learner language, tends to become fossilized at certain level. Fossilization has become one of the main features of interlanguage.3 从词汇句法语义方面对孩子和母亲的对话进行分析Dialogues 1) and 2) were produced by an English child aged 2 years and 4 months and her mother. Dialogues 3) and 4) were produced by another English child aged 3 years and 11 months and her mother. I:Describe the language of the two children lexically , syntactically, semantically and pragmatically.1） C: me want that piano. M: youve got a real piano.C: Why?M: its upstairs. C: why? why? M: What do you mean why?C: Why?2) C: me want to read that. M: Okay, lets read that.C: read that, wrong side.M: I think youve got it upside down. C: look, look her toe. M: I think theyre funny shoes actually, made to look like toes. C: Why?3） (Looking at a picture book)M: thats an animal called an iguana, dont you like that?. C: cover hes face.M: oh why? Dont you like it?C: oh hes - M: hes rather a friendly iguana.C: what are iguanas?M: iguanas, its a sort of lizard-animal-green animal. 4）C: When is Daddy going to come back?M: quite soon. I think love.C: at eight oclock?M: no. I hope hell be back at one oclock.C: Mummy, hes going to be back at eight oclock. M: Is he?解题思路： 23岁的孩子处于语言发展的初级阶段，掌握的词汇有限，语法知识缺乏。但是他们已经能够将单词与现实事物对应起来，使用简单的主谓句表达意义，达到实际的目的。两周岁的儿童的语言特点大致可归纳为1）能将词义与现实世界的实物联系起来。2）能使用简单的主谓结构句。3）能使用第一人称的主格或宾格。三周岁的孩子的语言表达就丰富了许多，如能使用第三人称，能使用疑问句和陈述句等。 参考答案： As to the utterance of the 2 years and 4 months old child, we can find the following characteristics. Lexically, she can use pronouns like “me” and “her”; she can name a number of objects in her surroundings, like “piano” and “toe” and she starts to use some adjectives, like in “wrong side”. (4 points) Syntactically, word combinations emerge like “read that” , “wrong side” and “look her toe”. She constructs two completes SVO sentences: “me want that piano” and “me want to read that”, the latter of which indicates the use of to-infinitives. And she uses “why” to ask questions. (4 points) Semantically, the child may use “why” instead of all “wh-“ questions. When “toe” is used, it may refer to the whole part of feet including shoes. Such phenomena indicate the childs overextension of meaning of words. (4 points) Pragmatically, the child conveys her feeling directly and achieves her communicative aim. In 1) she wants to know why her mother doesnt give her a piano and in 2) she wants to know why her mother says that. (4 points) Longer sentences and more expressions turn up in the language of the child about 4. Lexically, she can use some plurals like “iguana” and some prepositions like “at eight oclock”. (4 points) Syntactically, more complicated sentences are constructed, like “wh-“ questions and negative answer. For example, the child uses more “why-“ questions like “what are iguanas” and “when is Daddy going to come back”; besides, she uses “no” to answer her mother and a present continuous tense “is going to” is used to express the future. (4 points) Semantically, the child chooses the right word to express her idea. But she insists that her father will be back at eight oclock. It may be because that she thinks that “quite soon” refers to “eight oclock”. (4 points) Pragmatically, the child can use sentences to ask questions. She can relate her experiences so that they can be followed with reason. (4 points) 4 The relationship between language and culture语言和文化的关系Language to culture：Language expresses cultural reality. Language embodies cultural identity.Language symbolizes cultural reality.Culture to language ：Culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically.A culture c