河南工业大学生物工程专业英语复习真题.doc

1 （Reproduce） sexually 有性繁殖2 Absolute specificity 绝对专一性3 Acclimation time 适应期4 acetyl coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶A5 Actinomycetes 放线菌6 Active site 活性位点 7 Aerobe 好养微生物8 aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸9 aldehydes 醛10 Ampicillin resistant 抗苄别青霉素11 Amylase 淀粉酶12 Anaerobe 厌氧微生物13 Antibiotic resistance 抗生素抗性14 Aseptic 无菌的15 Asexual 无性繁殖16 At the onset of infection 一旦感染上17 At the peak of growth 在生长的最高峰18 Bioremediation 生物治理；纠正19 Brevibacterium 短杆菌属20 Bulk of product formation 产物大量形成21 carbohydrate 碳水化合物22 Carbon dioxide evolution 二氧化碳上涌23 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳24 carboxyl group 羧基25 carboxylic acid 羧酸26 cellulose 纤维素27 Cellulose 纤维素酶28 Chemo-organotrophs 有机化能营养菌29 Chromosomal 染色体的30 Cloning 克隆31 Coenzymes 辅酶32 Colony hybridization 菌落原位杂交33 compound 化合物34 Conidiophore 分生孢子35 Corynebacterium 棒杆菌属36 decarboxylation 脱羧基37 dehydrogenation 脱氢38 Dextrin 糊精39 Dextrinase 糊精酶40 Distillation 蒸馏41 DNA ligase DNA连接酶42 DNA sequence analysis DNA序列分析43 element 元素44 enzymatic 酶作用的45 Enzyme-catalysed reaction 酶催化反应46 Eubacteria（单数） 真细菌类47 Facultative 兼性的48 Fed-batch 补料的49 Fermentation cycle 发酵周期50 Filamentous 丝状的51 Frame shift 移码52 fructose 果糖53 Fungi 真菌54 Genera 属55 Genome 基因组56 Glucoamylase 葡萄糖淀粉酶，糖化酶57 glucose 葡萄糖58 Glutamic acid fermentation 谷氨酸发酵59 glycolysis 糖酵解60 Gram stain 革兰染色 61 Gram-negative 革兰阴性的62 Gram-positive 革兰阳性的63 Growth-associated product 与生长偶联的产物64 Heavy dependence on host cell 完全依赖寄主细胞65 hydrophilic 亲水的66 hydrophobic 疏水的67 hydroxyl 羟基 68 Immobilized enzymes 固定化酶69 Industrial fermentation process 工业发酵过程70 intermediate compounds 中间产物71 Intron 内含子；内隐子72 Isomerase 异构酶73 ketones 酮74 Lactase 乳糖酶75 Ligase 连接酶76 Lipase 脂肪酶77 microbial strain 微生物菌株78 Microorganism 微生物79 monosaccharide 单糖80 Multiplication 繁殖81 Mutant 突变株82 nomenclature 命名的，术语的，名称的；83 nuclease 核酸酶84 Obligate 专性的，必需的85 oligosaccharide 寡糖86 onoreducing 非还原性的87 Operons 操纵子88 oxidizing agent 氧化剂89 oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶90 Pectinase 果胶酶91 phosphorylation 磷酸化92 Phyllum 门93 Phytase 植酸酶94 polysaccharide 多糖95 Promoter 启动子96 Propagate 繁殖97 Protease 蛋白酶98 Recombinant plasmid 重组质粒99 reducing agent 还原剂100 Restriction endonuclease 限制性内切酶101 Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶102 Revolutions per minute （r/m）每分钟转速103 Saccharification 糖化104 Scaling-up 放大105 Seed 接种；种子106 Semiaerobic 半好氧的107 Shake flask 摇瓶108 Single stranded end 粘性互补单链末端109 Slope agar 琼脂斜面110 Sloped-bottomed cone-roof tanks 斜底锥顶灌111 Sterilization 灭菌112 Streptomyces 链霉菌属113 Submerged coils 浸没式蛇管114 substitutive name 取代基命名法115 Tetracycline resistance gene 抗四环素基因116 Thermostable enzymes 热稳定酶117 Transformant 转化子118 Transmethylase 甲基转移酶119 trypsin 胰蛋白酶120 Type strain 模式菌株121 Uptake of oxygen 氧的吸收122 Vector 载体123 Yeast 酵母菌124 典型的生长曲线：typical growth carve 125 工业微生物的改良：improvement of industrial Microorganisms126 在37下培养二天：incubate at 37 for 2 days1 All matter is composed of basic substances called elements. An element cannot be broken down into simpler units by chemical reactions; it contains only one kind of atom. An atom is the smallest characteristic unit of an element.物质都是由被称为元素的基本物质所组成的，化学反应不能将元素分解成更小的单位。元素只含有一种原子，原子是元素的最小结构单位。2 When carbon unites with oxygen, it forms a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas called carbon dioxide, which is heavier than air and will extinguish a flame.当碳与氧结合时，形成一种无色、无味、无臭的气体，人们称之为二氧化碳，它比空气重，可以扑灭火焰。1 Although this seems a cumbersome way to dismantle such a small molecule, it is necessary in biological systems,and it favors the extraction of larger amounts of energy.表面上看，仅仅是为了拆解一个小小的二碳化合物，这一步骤显得有些累赘，但在生物体系中，却是很有必要的，因为这有利于获取大量的能量。2 Some enzymes are produced consititutively, that is, they are always made in substanttial amounts when cells are growing. Other enzymes are inducible, that is, they are formed only in the presence of key substrates in medium.有些酶是属于组成型的，也就是说，当细胞处于生长阶段时，这些酶总是被大量的合成出来。还有一些酶是诱导型的，即只有当培养基中存在某些关键物质时，它们才能形成。3 While synthesis of catabolic enzymes is often controlled by induction and catabolite repression, biosynthesis of anabolic enzymes may be regulated by feedback or end-product repression.分解代谢物酶的合成常常受到诱导以及分解代谢物的阻遏，另一方面，合成代谢中所需的酶却受到反馈，以及最终产物的阻遏。1 Nucleotides are vital to the operation and the reproduction of cells. Each nucleotide contains three different kind of components.核苷酸对于细胞的活动及繁殖是至关重要的。核苷酸含有三种不同的组份。2 An amino acid is an organic compound with an amino group(NH2)and a carboxyl group(COOH) bonded to the same carbon atom. This particular carbon atom is designated as the alpha-carbon and, therefor, amino acids in proteins are called -amino acids.氨基酸是一种有机化合物，在氨基酸的同一个碳原子上，结合了一个氨基和一个羧基。这个特殊的碳原子被称为-碳原子。3 Amino acids sre linked together in proteins by means of peptide bonds that are formed by condensation reaction between carboxyl and amino groups.氨基酸在蛋白质中通过肽键连接在一起。肽键是通过羧基和氨基通过缩合而成的。1 Except for some of the originally studied enzymes such as pepsin， rennin, and trypsin, most enzymes names end in “ase”.除了以前一些研究过的酶，如胃蛋白酶、凝乳酶和胰蛋白酶，大多数酶都以“ase”为词尾。The International Union of Biochemistry (I.U.B) initiated standards of enzyme nomenclature which recommend that enzyme names indicate both the substrate acted upon and the type of reaction catalyzed.国际生物化学联合会倡议酶的标准命名法，该法建议酶的名称应同时表明酶的作用基质以及酶所催化的化学反应类型。One of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze.酶的一个特性是其对所催化的反应具有专一性，这在诊断及研究方面具有非常重要的意义。Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure.化学键专一性-该类酶只对特定的化学键起作用，与分子中的其他结构毫无关系The amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch,and the product of the reaction is a soluble dextrin hydrolyzate with a DE of 1015, suitable for the following saccharification step.淀粉酶催化淀粉的水解,反应的产物是一种可溶性糊精水解产物的DE - 15,适合以下糖化的一步。By the action of glucoamylase enzyme, the dextrin hydrolyzate is further converted to dextrose(glucose).葡糖淀粉酶的酶,葡聚糖水解产物进一步转化为葡萄糖(葡萄糖Enzymes are added to the feed either directly or as a premix together with vitamins, minerals and other feed additives.酶被添加到饲料直接或预混料和维生素,矿物质和其他饲料添加剂。On stopping the antibiotic treatment, pathogens begin to reestablish themselves in the intestine.一旦抗生素停止了使用，病原菌就会在肠道里卷土重来。Of the many thousands of microbial species,relatively few are currently explotied.自然界存在有成千上万种微生物，但目前只有相当少的的得到了开发利用。The principal microorganisms involved are all chemo-organotrophs and derive their carbon and energy supply from the metabolism of organic compounds.所列的主要微生物都是化能异养型，它们的碳源和能源都来自对有机物的代谢过程。 Viruses are replicating microorganisms that are among the smallest of all life forms.在所有的生命形态中，病毒是能进行自我复制的最小生物体。In general, microorganisms are microscopic and, unlike macroscopic organisms that are readily visible, they require magnification to be seen.一般来说,微生物是微观的,与宏观生物随处可见,他们需要放大观察。As a consequence of his findings and the rise of the scientific method, the notion of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis was eventually abandoned for biogenesis.由于他的发现和科学方法的兴起,自然发生或偶发的概念为生源论最终被放弃了Previously, it was customary to maintain strains on slop agar at low temperatures in the refrigerator.以前,这是惯例来维持压力斜坡琼脂在低温冰箱里。Cloning bacterial genes is generally achieved from total chromosomal DNA preparations (shotgun cloning) by cleaving the DNA with a restriction endonuclease that generates fragments of approximately 4 kilobase pairs(kb) each with a sticky complementary single stranded end. 细菌基因的克隆通常采用散弹枪式克隆法，即用限制性内切酶把制备得到的完整的染色体DNA切成大约4千碱基对的片段，每一片段都带有一段粘性互补的单链末端。Plasmid vectors should have single sites for common restriction endonuclease and antibiotic resistance determinants that allow selection of transformants.质粒载体应含有一些单一的普通限制性内切酶的切点，还有一段抗生素抗性的决定子，以便于选择转化子。In bacteria, control of the rate of transcriptional initiation is the predominant site for control of gene expression.细菌,控制转录起始的速率是控制基因表达的主要网站。As indicated above, prokaryotic genes that encode the proteins necessary to perform coordinated function are clustered into operons.如上所示,原核基因编码的蛋白质必须执行协调功能集中到操纵子The i