英语写作中常见错误及分析.doc

英语写作中常见错误及分析根据考试中心的评分标准，文章要切题、表达意思正确，无重大语言错误。学生容易犯的错误可以分为两大类：一、不切题；二、语言表达的错误。（一） 不切题 英汉不同的语篇思维模式是造成不切题的直接原因。一些外国人认为东方人写作善用迂回法，也就是总绕着主题的外围转，而不从主题入手展开讨论。汉语语篇的思维模式是中国历史文化的产物，人们认为这种方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人则喜欢开门见山的叙述主题；所以我国学生进行英语写作时，由于受汉语语篇思维模式的影响，阐述时不从主题入手，不能紧扣主题进行写作，致使文章主题不明确，观点不够鲜明。我们来看一篇以Trees为题目的作文：Trees are mans friends. We can see trees everywhere. We plant trees every year. We can make tables with trees. Trees also give us fruits to eat. I like to eat fruits very much.该段的主题句是Trees are mans friends, 写作中心应围绕friends，也就是树的用途展开。但学生没有从friends入手阐明主题，而是绕圈子说了些无关紧要的话，第一、二、五展开句偏离了树的用途这个主题，而是说我们到处可以看见树木；每年都种树；喜欢吃水果等；而且段落框架松散，这样就属于主题句抓不住，中心思想不明确，而且句型单调。再来看改写后的段落：Trees are mans friends. They provide man with timber, fruits and seeds. With timber, man can build houses and make furniture. Fruits are the food, which is necessary to us every day. As for seeds, they can be used to extract oil.这样就克服了前面所犯错误，紧紧围绕了主题句来展开，算是一篇好的作文了。（二） 语言表达错误英语写作中，所谓重大语言错误，通常是指语法和词汇错误，我们可以把学生易犯的语言错误归纳为：词汇问题、语法错误、中文式英语。这里我们重点讲述的是前两方面的问题：1、词汇问题词汇是英文写作的基本要素。如果把语法比作写作的框架，那么词汇就是写作的砖瓦。由于我国的中学、大学的英语测试形式主要倾向于客观题选择题，学生对所学词汇大分部停留在认知阶段，没有牢固掌握所学词汇。而且随着时间的推移，他们学过的部分词汇变得模糊不清，似是而非，因此在写作中，学生只能用有限的词汇来表达自己的观点和看法，这就限制了学生写出较高水平的作文。而且稍有不慎，就会出现各种各样的错误。常见的错误类型主要有以下几种：同一汉语意思的动词、名词、形容词混用错用；词型相似的英文单词错用；单词拼写错误；多余的词和词组以及用词不确切等。(1) 同一汉语意思的动词、名词和形容词混用。汉语的动词、名词和形容词互相转化词性时，词本身不发生变化，而是由词在句子中的位置来确定它的词性，或借助“的”、“地”、“得”。例：a. 学生抱怨作业太多。（抱怨 动词）b. 我不想再听你的抱怨。（抱怨 名词）a. 如果你努力学习，你一定会成功。（成功 动词）b. 他是一位成功的商人。（成功 形容词）c. 他的成功是由于他的勤奋。（成功 名词）而英语则有词性的变化，学生辨别词汇种类的能力不够，同一汉语意思的动词、名词和形容词分不清，造成词汇错误。例：误The students complaint that there are too much homework.正The students complain that there is too much homework.误If you work hard, you will be sure to success.正If you work hard, you will be sure to succeed. (2) 用词不确切 学生所接触的词汇主要来自精读和泛读，他们所掌握的词汇有口语、一般用语、正式用语，也有俚语、方言；有美国英语，也有英国英语。他们对同义词或近义词的细微区别不太了解，英语词与近义汉字区别不清。例如：误He finally resolved the problem. 正He finally solved the problem. resolve 的汉语意思是“使分解”、“解决”，resolve虽有解决之意，只是解决的不是问题，而是contradiction 或doubt, 解决问题应用 solve。2语法错误语法错误的类型有：名词单复数变化错误；时态不一致谓语或句型出错，句子不完整；介词、冠词遗漏等。(1) 时态、人称和数用错汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化，而对英语动词来说，这些都至关重要。例： 误They said they can complete the work in three months.正They said they could complete the work in three months.误My father is a work and my mother is teachers.正My father is a worker and my mother is a teacher.(2) be 动词遗漏 在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如：“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：Im tired.误He will sure to come and help me.正He will be sure to come and help me.(3) 句子不完整 有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。误Because the kids thought their wages were too low.正Because the kids thought their wages were too low, they demanded a high pay.误While waiting for the bus.正While waiting for the bus, he talked with the little girl.(4) 介词、冠词遗漏还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。误Because his mistake several people died.正Because of his mistake several people died.误I have never seen such beautiful picture. 正I have never seen such a beautiful picture.(5) 介词固定搭配的错误： 误：The bottle fills of water.正：The bottle fills with water.误：He is afraid with dog.正：He is afraid of dog.一、 There be结构考生病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。例如：1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.) 注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not a 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。2. There is not a moment to be lost.3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。 在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。二、 比较结构考生病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B.,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。1 同级比较 1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2 比较级 1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.3 最高级 1） This is the most interesting book Ive ever read.2） Of all his novels I like this one best.4 the morethe more结构1) The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.2) The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.5 选择比较 1) I prefer staying at home to going out.2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.3) He prefers to work alone.注意：这里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表达出来。6 对比1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的而字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式，尤其在图表作文中。三、 表达原因的结构考生病句： 1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达：1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. 评议与分析： 以上两个病句分别引自92年1月和97年12月四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体基本上是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如： 1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.2. Diligence is the key factor of success.3. Idleness is the root of all evils.4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.) 除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。 四、 否定结构 考生病句1. Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too.正确表达：1. Some people think we neednt worry (或dont need to worry) about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either.评议与分析：例句1选自96年1月四级考生作文，例句2选自92年1月六级考生作文。例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带to, neednt worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，dont need to worry 中的to worry作dont need的宾语。例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了too和either的区别，这两个词都表示也的意思，但是在英语中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看: 1 含有否定意义的词汇和短语 以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。介词against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,.短语keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.我们看以下例句： 1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis. 这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。3） We should protect trees from being destroyed. 我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines. 在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。 2 含有半否定意义的词语barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,.具有半否定的意义。例句：1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago. 几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。 3 不含否定意义的否定结构有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, cant help, no sooner.than, not.until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：1） We cant but face the reality. 我们只有面对现实。 2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。4 否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：1） On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。 五、 含有it的结构考生病句：1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.正确表达：1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science.)2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice.)评议与分析：例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子，例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。1作形式主语It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we coul