省略和同化.doc

UNIT FOUR Elision and Assimilation 省音和同化音省音是指在快速的语言交流中，有些音被省略掉。它主要分为历史的原因和语境的原因，历史的原因是指在英语单词中早期存在的某个音，后来随着社会、经济与语言的变化消失了。 语境中的音的省略就是在一个词或补语中，某个因素因受到毗邻音的影响，或位于非重读音节，因而消失的现象。 流利的英语，语速很快时，常有省音。会省略的一些辅音，尤其是t d，两个辅音中间就会被省略掉。同化音就是指一个音受到相邻音的影响而发成这两个音之外的另一个音的现象。也就是说这两个音在口腔中的发音位置相距较远，发音难度加大，通常不利于连贯的表达。于是我们就发这两个音临近的另外一个音。发音更容易、自然流畅。 ONE Elision 省音Practice on Elision 省音练习Elision of Vowels 元音的省略元音的省略主要是指非重读音节中元音E和I的省略，以及两个词之间元音的省略。请朗读下列单词。注意单词内部元音的省略。preferable prefrbl comparable kmprbltemperature tempreit suffering sfri university ,ju:niv:siti difficult difiklteasily i:zili probably prbblicarefully kfli specialist spelistusually juli February febrrifactory fktri library laibrri 注意下列词组中词界上（两词交界处）元音的省略。not alone ntlun run along rnl get another getnfather and son f:rnsnafter a while :ftrwail over and above uvrnbvgo away guweitry again traigenhe was annoyed hiwznidElision of Consonants辅音的省略 辅音的省略大多出现在辅音音从，和相邻单词的词界上。注意省略了的辅音。mostly mustli exactly igzktlipunctually pktuli asthma smclothes kluz fifth fifs 当辅音+【t】或【d】的音从后跟的是一个以辅音开头的词时，【t】或【d】很容易被省略。first night f:stnait raised gently reizddentlifinished now finitnau loathed beer ludbisend round send raund moved back mu:vd bkold man uldmn helped me helptmi:looked fine luktfain lagged behind lgdbihaindfetched me fettmi: changed colourteindd klrubbed gently rbddentliCHAPTER TWO Assimilation 同化音英语的音在我们连贯性的说话或朗读中会有些变化。这是因为说话或朗读时，我们不以单词为单位，而是以以短语或句子为单位。单词在短语或者句子中会受到前后单词发音的影响，因此有些单词的音会发生变化。同化在非正式或方言中较常见，特别是辅音之间，同化过程是为了更容易地发音，用更简捷的方法发出两个相连但完全不同的辅音。例如：I am glad to meet you. aim gld t mi:t ju: 这个句子中的mi:t ju: 在连贯的表达中就可以读成mi: tu:。又如：She doesnt speak Spanish, does she？中的does she？ dz i:就可以读成 d i:或d i: 。在第一个句子中，在j受到他前面的音t的影响下发成 了, 所以和t在一起就发成,所以在和t一起就发成了t。在第二个句子中z受到相邻的的影响读成了或,这就是音的同化。发生同化现象有以下几种情况:因为发音的舌位影响而同化: 当j和d相遇时，j变成另外一个音; j和t相遇时，j发成; j和z相遇时，两个音既不发j又不发z而是发; s受的影响发成； s和j相遇时，既不发s,又不发j，而是发。例如：Did you see him? 读成did du si: him I thought you would come. 读成ai :t u wud kmI havent seen him these years. 读成ai hvnt tsi: i: :zDoes she like it？读成：d i laik it 或d i laik itOf course she does.读成：v k: i dzPlease show me the way.读成: pli: mi weiYou can go now.读成：ju k gu nau同化现象不仅发生在短语和句子中间，还会发生在单词中间。Education 读成：,edukeinDuring 读成： djuriLength 读成： lekIssue读成： iu:因清音和浊音的影响而同化。例如：I used to swim in the lake. 读成：ai ju：st t swim in leik1 should think so.读成：ai ut ik suYou should have told me.读成：ju tv tuld mi 名词单数变复数，动词加-s 或-es的读音就是根据清、浊音的同化现象而定。也就是说，在元音和浊辅音后读z,在清辅音后读z。Desks desks dogdgz bees bi:zPens penz walked w:kt plays pleizHoped hupt praised preizd cried kraidWashedwt dragged drgd beats bi:ts总结以上我们概括地向英语初学者们介绍了语调的几种常见模式，但语调习惯的养成，除了需要了解一些英语语调模式的理论，更重要的是要做大量细致的模式练习。因为“语调绝不是由说话的人随心所欲，任意使用地，而是一个语言社团中约定俗成、根生蒂固，几乎是标准化了得模式。” 中国学生要想克服沐浴的影响，贴切、自如地应用英语语调，要多模仿些磁带，综合运用我们所学的语音技能，并做到持之以恒，这样才能说出地道的英语。UNIT FIVE Contraction AND Week Form缩略语与弱读 CHAPTER弱读我们在学习英语节奏时，掌握了它的基本特点节奏群的同音长。重读音节匀整的节拍与非重读音节交替出现，一高一低，抑扬顿挫。那么英语节奏群中的轻读词除了它们的正常强读式外，多数单词还有弱读式。单词的强读式和弱读式的区别主要反映在元音的音质，音量和音长等方面。有的单词弱读式里还会有语音消失现象。弱读式一般是把元音弱化成或 i, i,如：fromfrm读成frm.有时单词的弱读式只是将强读式的元音音长所短，如：he hi:被弱化为hi。有的单词的弱读形式中省略了强读式中的元音，只剩下辅音，如：havehv的一个弱读式便是v，英语单词中有弱读式和强读式的单词大约有五十多个，而且它们多出现在句子的非重读音节里。从词性上看，它们大多为单音节的限定词，助动词，动词be,介词，关连词和人称代词等。1. Phrases and sentences 段落句子练习a, an, theA :A pencil, a ruler, a piece of wood, a saw, a hammer, a couple of nails I said you needed An n:An answer, an hour of so, an easy decision, an extra drink, an orange. We need an immediate answer.Its not an easy decision to makeThe:the pear the peach the apple the orange the uncle the pineapple the orange the auntsome smSome more, some milk, some chairs,Ill have some more.You need some more lean meat, some butter, some vegetables and some garlic.There are some leaves on the floor.themThemem:I saw them together.Where did you see them？He said something to them.I have already invited them for dinner.Tell them what to do.uss:lets ask him to let us go.He wontt let us go.She cant keep us for ever.They treat us well.You must give us our freedom.of, to, from, atof v:a bottle of milk, three boxes of matches,two tis of peaches, a can of beans,two bags of sugar, a packet of biscuits,a jar of jam, the bottom of the bagtot :to get together soon, go to the cinema,want to know, tell him to keep away from you,learn to mind your own business,talk to him, write to them.From frm:From an old friend, from them, from the Browns,From school, from some friends, from here,From whereforf:for a month, for some sunshine,for some good food, for the money, for the sea,for you, for everatt:sing at a concert, look at them,to be a meeting, at a quarter past seven,at a restaurant, at collegeand, but, than, that, asand n(d) :Id like a Whisky, and a Whisky and water,A brandy and water; three gin and tonicsWithout ice and lemonbutbt:Id like to. But I cantBut Im depending on you.But she is too lazy.I got all the words but that.than n:Carols more sensible than Jenny, prettier than Jenny, and richer than Jenny.So why do I like Jenny more than Carol?thatt:we all know that we face problems. We know that we face difficulties.He told me that he was not working at the bank any more.It is said that the economy has omproved a lot recently.asz:as Julie couldnt come, she sent me as a substitute.As a rule, I disapprove such tricks.She is as cunning as a fox.Im as innocent as a child.Jenny is slippery as a snake.The girl is as good as gold.be am are wasamm:Why am I leaving?Where am I going?Who am I gong with?When am I coming back?How am I looking?What am I reading? are(r):these are the best.These are more suitable.There are no more in the shop.What are we going to say?Where are they leaving for?waswz:that man was kind.He was generous.She was popular.It was very cold here in winter.Mary was crying when her mother came in.She was very sad. has, have had, does, shall, can, musthashz:The bus has gone already.The Sixty has bone as well.My watch has stopped.Rose has put on a pound or two.She has gone to the countryside.havehv:the wheels have dropped off.The wings have broken.The chairs have been moved away.I couldnt have bought it if Id known.How many times have you flown it?hadd :all our money had gone.My jewels had gone.Our clothes had gone.The passport had been taken.His finest works were composed after he hadLost the power to enjoy them.doesdz:where did he live?What does he do for a living?What does he see in me?shalll:where shall I say Iv been?Who shall I say Iv been with?Where shall we meet tomorrow?When shall we meet?What shall we meet?What shall we have for dinner?cankn:she can play the flute.She can paint pictures.She can write poem.She can grow plants.She can do most things.What can I do?must ms(t):You must go to them.You must confess.You must trust them.You must tell them everything.I must kill them.小结综合练习n(d), bt + t + , A. George wasnt at the meeting, but at party. A wild one.B. Not at the meeting? And at a wild party? How disgraceful! Where?A. In town. And at the house of a friend of yours-Josephine. You really must speak to George.B. I shall certainly do that. But at the moment, shes the one I must speak to! At Josephines you say? And at a wild party I wasnt invited to?n(d) , bt + f(r) + , A. I known why you-came You came for a drink, and for some food, and for a drink, and for some food, and for a talk with the boys, and for the television.B.I swear I came here not for a drink and for the various other things you mention, but for the chance to see your pretty, smiling face again!A. Oh, victor!B. So bring the food and drink, and switch on the television, and tell me where the boys are, my darling-Theres a good girl.n(d), bt + frm + , n, A. From the family I got this, and from a colleague I got that, and from an old friend I got these, and from some other friends I got these. But from the boss I got this! Look! Isnt it marvelous!B. Mm. And from the look of it, youd better be careful!r + t + , A. My parents are at a meeting and my sisters are at the cinema. Im all alone. Like to join me?B. Sorry, but my parents are at the theatre, and my little sisters are at the moment expecting me to bath them and put them to bed.A. Oh.B. Like to read them a story?wz + t + , n, A. Last year it was at a restaurant. The year before, it was at an expensive hotel, and the year before that, it was at the factory itself in the canteen. And that was the best party. I thought.B. Yes. But that was the best party. I thought.wr + t + , A. How terrible! Just imagine, we were at a concert, enjoying ourselves, while you, poor thing, were at the hospital, with a broken leg! B. And a couple of very nice nurses! + frm + , A. Steven and Mark are from the Ministry. Robert and Sam are from the Local Government Offices. And the others are from a variety of interested organizations. Weve here to discuss to coordination. Who are you ?B. Simon and I are from the Ministry. The other members of our committee are coming soon. Weve here to discuss co-operation. And this is our room. wz + frm + , A. This was from the garden! The best of all! This was from the garden, too, was it?A. That was from a shop.B. No, no, no. I mean that. Thats the one I mean Not that.A. Good. w + frm + , n, A. Old, old letters! How long ago! How romantic! These were from a General! These were from an anonymous admirer! And these were from the Duke himself!B. And these were from the Tax Department, I see. Did you ever pay them? w + s, m+ (r), w(r), kn, mstA. Only three of us are on the short list, and hes the favorite.B. Surely none of them can know about his private life? Or they wouldnt consider promoting him! One of us must do our duty!A. If all of us were perfect, Martin, Id agree with you. But I must confessB. Yes, James? Needless to say, you can trust me! Absolutely!A. Im glad to hear it. But perhaps more important, in this case: You can trust me. Im sorry to say. (r)+ , w, wz + , n, sm A. Anything for me B. There were some telephone calls. I said youd ring back. There are some letters. Oh, yes, and there was an inquiry. Someone asking about something called Weak Forms. Have we got any? TWO 缩略语缩略语是指语言形式缩短的过程或结果，其中也有省音的现象。代词+助动词，如Ive, youd;或助动词+not,例：wont, cant. 还有其他的如：lets, Dyou. 它们代表的是let us和Do you. 大部分初学者中存在的问题是不知怎样去诵读这些缩短语式。本章将通过大量的句子和对话练习帮助掌握朗读缩短的技巧。Practice on contractions 朗读语朗读练习朗读下列句子或对话，每组句子前列有要练习的缩略语。Im：aimA. Im lazy. Im untidy. Im extremely bad-tempered.B. But Im in love with you.A. And Im in love with Michael.A. Im not saying she was foolish. Im not saying she was wrong.B. Oh, not. Im not either.A. Im not one of those who spread gossip, as you know.B. And Im not one of those who listen to gossip, I can tell you.Hes:hi:z; Johns, Jacks A.Johns in, is he?B.Hes out, actually. But, Jacks in.A.Whos the boss?B.Surely, Johns the boss.Shes：i:zShes coming.Shes lovely.Shes exquisite.Shes beautiful. Shes fatter than I expected.Its：its Its time to go. Its only half past ten. Its awful being late every time. Its always the same. Its ill-mannered. Its embarrassing.Isnt：izntIsnt that Mr.Brown? He isnt alone. Isnt it Miss Smith?Theyll：eilTheyll all disappear. Theyll talk to you about Jill. Theyll go to London. Theyll have to hurry.Hell：hi:lHell type the report.Hell probably be late.Hell dance with Mary.Hell put some olive oil on your salad.Shell：ilShell get there in time for the flight.Shell put it away when I finish reviewing for a quiz.Shell be fine after a days rest.Shell get used to the hot weather.Itll：itlItll improve soon.Itll warm up soon.Itll be no fun without you.Itll be hopeless without girls.Wont：wuntHe wont help us.He wont do anything.She wont cooperate.She wont forget the past.Ive：aivIve got something for you.Ive never been to Peru.Ive been meaning to call you.Ive always wanted to.Youve：ju:vYouve got so many pipes now.Youve finished your work, have you?Youve been fired.Theyve：eivTheyve passed the exam.Theyve been drinking wine.Theyve changed the color.Weve：wi:v Weve planned a celebration.Weve proved it could be done frequently.Weve announced the lecture five times already.Havent：hvnt I havent lived in this cottage.You arent seen you for ages.We havent got anything like that.Hes：hi:z Hes been here six months.Hes left. Hes gone to work.Hes fallen asleep.Shes：i:z Shes changed a lot since you last saw her.Shes put on a pound or two.Shes had her hair cut.Shes been in love with Michael.Its：its Its become much better.Its been raining for three days.Its been fun. Well have to get together again sometime.Hasnt：hznt Hasnt the doctor come yet、Grandfather hasnt seen a doctor for sixty years.She hasnt any choice.It hasnt snowed for two months.Hed：hi:dHed already gone when I got there.Hed left early, actually.You really think hed have helped?Hed left early, actually.You really think hed have helped?Hed like to have a car as his birthday present.Hed like to know what shed like.Youd：ju:dI wish youd spoken to them.I wish youd seen him.Id：aidIf Id asked someone, I wouldnt have left me.Id be glad to.Id like that one.Shed：idShe said shed be home late this afternoon.Susans overweight. Shed better watch out.Shed like a piece of apple pie.Shed already finished the dinner when I got home.If shed talked to the boss earlier, she wouldnt have been fired.Wed：wi:dI told you wed met the Browns, didnt i?Wed gone to the opera when he drove here.Wed buy it.Wed think about it.Theyd：eidTheyd just got out of their car, they said.Theyd given up smoking.Theyd like some beer.Theyd better behave themselves.Itd：itdThen we realized itd escaped.Itd bitten through one of the bars