middle english period ￥.ppt

MiddleEnglishperiod 1066 1485 HistoricalBackground whataretheimportanteventsinthisperiod TheNormanConquestEventful2ndhalfof14thC1381uprisingHundredYearsWar 1337 1453 WarofRoses 1455 1485 TheNormanConquest In1066 atthebattleofHastings William theenergeticDukeofNormandy defeatedtheAnglo SaxonsandbecamethekingTheConsequenceoftheConquestPolitically afeudalsystemandacentralizedgovernmentestablished Religiously theRome backedCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontrol NormansbroughttoEnglandtheirownliterature 4 Greatchangesinlanguages theNormanlordsspokeFrench LmonEnglishspokeoldEnglish LondondialectbecamethebasisofMiddleEnglish ImpactofNormanFrenchvocabulary 1 governmental herald fine noble parliament 2 military battle ally alliance ensign admiral navy aid gallant march enemy escape peace war 3 judicialsystem judge jury plaintiff justice court suit defendant crime felony murder petty petit attorney marriage Anglo Saxonwedding heir 4 ecclesiastical clergy altar miracle preach pray sermon virgin saint friar frere 5 cuisine sauce boil filet soup pastry fry roast toast 6 personalnames Charles William Richard MiddleEnglishLiterature 1066 mid 14thcentury almostbarren2ndhalfofthe14thcentury startstoflourish awiderrangeofsubjectsagreaterdiversityofstylesandgenres reflectsthemedievalChristiandoctrineemphasizesthehumanityofChristandtheimageryofhumanpassion Romance mostprevailinggenrePopularballadTheCanterburyTales Romance amedievalnarrative originallyoneinverseandinsomeRomancedialect treatingofheroic fantastic orsupernaturalevents oftenintheformofallegory 中世纪骑士故事 传奇 冒险故事 ThefeaturesofRomance Hero usuallytheknight amanofnoblebirth skilledintheuseofweapons whosetsoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomegoaltoprotectthechurchandthekingtoattackinfidelitytorescueamaidentomeetachallengeortoobeyaknightlycommand structure looseandepisodiclanguageandstyle simpleandstraightforward Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues Itcontainsperilousadventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife evendescribessupernaturalthings Bysubject mattersofBritain adventuresofKingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTable mattersofFrance EmperorCharlemagneandhiswarriorRoland mattersofRome AlexandertheGreatandsoforth KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTableSirGawainandtheGreenKnightThomasMarlory Mortd Arthur prose KingArthurisalegendaryBritonleaderwho accordingtoMedievalhistoriesandromances ledthedefenceofBritainagainstSaxoninvadersintheearlysixthcentury thethemes eventsandcharactersoftheArthurianlegendvariedwidelyfromtexttotext andthereisnoonecanonicalversion Ballads Popularballadsareoriginallydancesongsinverseform usuallyin4 linestanzas withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed Theyaremainlyliteratureofpeasants createdcollectivelybypeopleandconstantlyrevisedintheprocessofbeinghandeddownfrommouthtomouth kindsofballads historical legendary fantastical lyricalandhumorous BalladsofRobinHood RobinHoodispartlyarealandpartlyalegendaryfigurewholivedduringthereignofRichardI theleaderofabandofoutlawswholivedinthedeepforest Theyoftenattackedtherich wagedwaragainstthebishopsandarchbishops andhelpedthepoorpeople AMerryGesteofRobinHoodAGestofRobynHode Lytheandlistin gentilmen Thatbeoffreboreblode Ishallyoutelofagodeyeman HisnamewasRobynHode Robynwasaprudeoutlaw Whyleshewalkedongrounde SocurteyseanoutlaweashewasoneWasneverenonfounde RobynstodeinBernesdale Andlenydhymtoatre AndbihymstodeLitellJohnn Agodeyemanwashe LITHEandlisten Gentlemen Thatbeoffree bornblood Ishallyoutellofagoodyeoman HisnamewasRobinHood Robinwasaproudoutlaw Thewhilehewalkedonground SocourteousanoutlawashewasoneWasnevernonefound RobinstoodinBarn sdale Andleanedhimtoatree AndbyhimstoodLittleJohn Agoodyeomanwashe GeoffreyChaucer LifeLiteraryCareerTheCanterburyTales Life FatherofEnglishpoetryWestminsterAbbey LiteraryCareer 1 TheFrenchPeriodundertheinfluenceoftheFrenchliterature HisearliestworkTheRomauntoftheRose afreetranslationofa13th centuryFrenchpoemTheRomandelaRose TheBookofDuchess 2TheItalianPeriodChaucer sjourneytoItalyin1372aprofoundinfluenceofthegreatItalianwriterssuchasDante PetrarchandBoccaccio TroilusandCriseyde 3TheMaturePeriodinthelast14yearsTheCanterburyTales TheCanterburyTales StructureTheGeneralPrologue 24taleshavingseparateprologuestoeachtalewithlinks comments quarrels etc inbetween Thesetalesrepresentnearlyeveryvarietyofmedievalstories Romance Fabliau Saints Legends Homilies Moralities ABriefAnalysisofthefirststanza 1 ThefirstelevenlinesareachantofwelcometotheSpringwithitsharmoniousmarriagebetweenheavenandearthwhichmellowsvegetations pricksbirdsandstirstheheartofmanwitharenewingpowerofnature Thus thepilgrimageistreatedasaneventinthecalendarofnature anaspectofthegeneralspringtimesurgeofhumanenergywhichwakensman sloveofVenus naturallove 2 Thepilgrimageisalsotreatedasaneventinthecalendarofdivinity anaspectofreligiouspietywhichdrawspilgrimstoholyplaces 3 ThestructureofthisopeningpassagecanberegardedasonefromthewholeWesterntraditionofthecelebrationofspringtoalocaleventofEnglishsociety fromnaturalforcesintheirgeneraloperationtoaspecificChristianmanifestation 4 Thetransitionfromnaturetodivinityisemphasizedbycontrastbetweenthephysicalvitalitywhichconditionsthepilgrimageandthespiritualsicknesswhichoccasionsthepilgrimage aswellasbyparallelismbetweentherenewalpowerofnatureandtherestorativepowerofsupernature divinity 5 Itisamodelofnarrativecompression withan18 lineperiodicsentencethatcomposesofasubordinateclause line1 11 of79wordsandamainclause line12 18 of49words expressingtheessentialideaofthewholework Contributions 1 ForerunnerofHumanismChauceraffirmsmen sandwomen srighttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposedasceticism avoidingphysicalpleasuresandcomforts Hepraisesman senergy intellect quickwitandloveoflifeandheexposesandsatirizesthesocialvices includingthecorruptionoftheChurch 2 ThefounderofEnglishRealismChaucer forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature presentstothereadersacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeanddescribesaseriesofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinTheCanterburyTales 3 FatherofEnglishpoetry calledbyJohnDryden ChaucerintroducesfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheoldEnglishalliterativeverse He sthefirsttousetherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter whichistobecalledtheheroiccouplet 4 MasteroftheEnglishlanguageChauceristhefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglish HisproductionofsomuchexcellentpoetryisanimportantfactorinestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry ChaucerusesLondondialectinhiswritingsandhecontributestomakingitthefoundationformodernEnglishspeech WhenAprilwithitssweetshowershaspiercedthedroughtofMarchtotherootandbathedeveryrootletintheliquidbywhichtheflowerisengendered whenthewestwindalso withitssweetbreath hasbroughtforthyoungshootsineverygroveandfield whentheearlysunofspringhasrunhalfhiscourseinthesignofAries andwhensmallbirdsmakemelody birdsthatsleepallnightwitheyesopen asNatureinspiresthemto THENpeoplehaveastrongdesiretogoonpilgrimages andpilgrimslongtogotoforeignshorestodistantshrinesknowninvariousplaces andespeciallytheygofromeverycountyinEnglandtoseekouttheshrineoftheholyblessedmartyrwhohashelpedthemwhentheyweresick HeroicCouplet 英雄双韵体 1 Theyarepoetrycomposediniambicpentameter Inthisformofpoetry linesconsistingoffiveiambicfeetrhymetogetherinpairs 2 Therimescheme aabbcc poem stanza line foot syllable InEnglish wordsoftwosyllablesalwayscontainonethatisstressedsyllableandonethatisunstressed longerwordscontainonestressedsyllableandtwoormoreunstressedsyllables Unstressedsyllablesaremarkedwithacurve andstressed withadash foot 音步 1 definition footistheunitofrhythmandcontainstwoorthreesyllables oneofwhichisstressed 2 4kindsoffoot A iambus consistsofoneunstressedsyllablefollowedbyonestressedsyllable e g Appear besides attack supply B Trochee consistsofonestressedsyllablefollowedbyoneunstressedsyllable e g holy upper failing C anapaest consistsoftwounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyonestressedsyllable e g reappear indistinct incomplete onthehillD dactyl consistsofonestressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables e g messenger merrily property accident meter 格律 arrangementofwordsinregularlymeasured patterned orrhythmiclinesorverses Themeterofalineofpoetryisdeterminedbythekindoffootusedandbythenumberoffeetinaline Thelongestpoeticallinecontains8feet Monometer dimeter trimeter tetrameter pentamet