邵周成-时空观与物理学.pdf

Aristotle 1 Aristotle Aristotle 2 Galileo NewtonGalileo Newton 3 Lorentz Einstein 4 Einstein 5 6 Noether Galileo Lorent Noether Time Space View and Physics AbstractAfter more than 2000 years of development physics today has become the most successful of natural science The rich achievements wide area and mature theory are difficult to compare for any other natural sciences Every period of development has great breakthrough and representatives of the revolutionary achievements but generally speaking these developments are more or less dependent on the time space view and its changes Time Space is the physical theory background framework is the foundation of all law and theorem as long as the underlying changes inevitably lead to the theory of change Spatio temporal constraints of conclusion of basic relationships at the same time conclusions but also reflect the spatial and temporal properties A comprehensive study on the space time idea of the reform brings tremendous changes in physics detailed analysis of space time properties and essential link between the basic laws of physics is the basic task of this article Study including classical mechanics the special and general theory of relativity thermodynamics and quantum mechanics mainly discussed the concept of absolute time and space relativistic space time idea the direction of time and Spatio temporal symmetry issues Additionally this article tried to show from Aristotle to modern physics major development path and clues pass through a brief space time idea of the reform of the physics history Expect study on the theoretical thought and methodology of founder can give people some kind of enlightenment Following is the main content of this article included 1 System discussion on Aristotle s Time and space concept analysis of the essential difference between it and Time Space view which we normally said Have pointed out that the force nature of lack of knowledge and the rest concept is the error cause of Aristotle 2 reference frame what abstracted out by Galileo pointed out the experimental physics method is the prerequisite for the right to establish laws of physics System discussion of Newton s time space view and Galileo transformation Have proof of covariance of Newton this shows another path leading to the principle of equivalence 3 This article discusses the basic postulate of special relativity and Lorentz transform what used these postulates based to the profound changes in the mechanics and electromagnetism Shows the relationship between the laws of relativistic space time properties and mechanical we pointed out that Einstein s introduction of the Concept Physics major historic significance 4 Through the analysis of basic frame and conclusion of general relativity fully demonstrated the deep reform Einstein time curvature to physics Historical origins traced back to the generation and development of the theory further embodies the philosophy thoughts physical intuition and mathematical analysis important role in modern physics research I explored the issues related to General Relativity and Gravitation on the possible direction of development 5 This discussion of law of increase of entropy and time direction inherent links pointed out that although the Thermodynamics of Second Laws in describing the time advantage but people s understanding of the essence still needs to be expanded 6 Re derived Noether theorem under certain conditions and discussed decided by the spatio temporal symmetry law of conservation of some special cases In quantum mechanics section we pointed out that Generating operator is conserved quantity if we can be certain of infinitesimal transformation in exponential form Key Words Time Space Concept of absolute time and space Inertial reference frame Galileo transformation Relativity principle Lorentz transformation Equivalent principle Space Time curvature Singular covariance Equations of gravitational field Singularity Law of increase of entropy Noether theorem Conservative law Aristotle Galileo Newton Newton Galileo Newton Newton Lorentz Minkowski LorentzPoincar RiemannChristoffel Einstein Friedmann Noether Isaac Newton AristotleNewton Albert Einstein Aristotle Aristotle Galileo Galilei Galileo Galileo Newton Engels Einstein Prigogine Noether Poincar 1 J 1987 p1 2 M 2007 p53 3 Newton M 2006 p349 4 Frederick Engels J 2009 p88 M 2005 p1 Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle AristotleAristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle AristotleNewton Aristotle NewtonAristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle AristotleNewton Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Descartes Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle k kAB Aristotle Aristotle B Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Galileo 1 Aristotle M 2009 p68 269 2 M 2005 p41 63 3 M 1984 p97 103 4 Stephen Hawking M 1988 p2 17 Galileo Aristotle Copernicus GiordanoBruno Bruno Bruno Galileo Hawking Galileo Galileo AristotleGalileo Galileo Galileo gt t 2 2 1 gth gAristotle Galileo Galileo Aristotle GalileoGalileo 1632 Galileo Galileo GalileoAristotle Galileo Galileo AristotleNewton MaxwellGalileo Galileo AristotleGalileo tx 0 x 0 Galileo t 2 2 0 2 x g h Galileo Galileo 45 Galileo Galileo NewtonGalileo 1 Galilei M 2006 p130 2 M 2006 p3 16 3 M 1984 p97 103 4 Stephen Hawking M 1988 p14 5 M 2005 p60 61 6 Aristotle M 2009 p125 197 Newton Newton 1687Newton Newton Newton NewtonNewton Newton Newton Newton Newton Aristotle Aristotle AristotleNewton NewtonGalileo Newton Newton Aristotle Newton NewtonAristotle AristotleNewton Newton Galileo NewtonGalileo Galileo Newton Galileo Newton Newton Newton Newton Newton Newton Newton Newton N Newton N N Einstein Galileo Newton NewtonGalileo S SSXYZ S SSXNewton zz yy txx tt S S SXlx 12 xxl 12 xxl ll dt dz dt dz dt dy dt dy dt dx dt dx GalileoGalileo NewtonGalileo NewtonAristotle Newton Newton Newton Newton 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 dt zd dt zd dt yd dt yd dt xd dt xd SNewton 2 2 dt rd mF FF mm Newton S 2 2 dt rd mF Newton Galileo Newton Newton S 3 r rMm GF S 3 r rmM GF GalileoNewton Newton Galileo Newton GalileoAristotle CopernicusNewton NewtonRene DescartesDescartes Descartes Descartes Newton Newton KeplerNewton Newton NewtonKepler Descartes Aristotle AristotleDescartes Newton Aristotle Newton Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Newton Newton Newton Richard Bentley Newton Newton NewtonPierre Simon Laplace Laplace LaplaceLaplace Laplace Laplace Laplace Newton Laplace 1 Newton M 2006 p1 5 p1 349 2 Aristotle M 2009 p103 125 3 J 2006 p3 19 4 Newton Richard Bentley 1692 3 01 17 J 2007 p176 5 A Pope Newton J 2010 p31 6 Roger Cotes J 2006 p3 12 7 Newton Richard Bentley 1692 12 10 J 2007 p173 176 M 2004 p209 221 9 M 1989 Lorentz Einstein Maxwell NewtonEinstein Einstein Maxwell 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 tc t A c A 00 1 c 00 Galileo Einstein Einstein Einstein 2 mcE Einstein Einstein A t B t A t BAAB tttt Einstein Einstein 2 AA B tt t Newton EinsteinNewton Einstein Einstein Einstein ZYX t 0tX Galileo zyx txx tzyx Einstein Hermann Weyl tzyx 0 X 1 x 2 2 20 1 V x tx V x V x tt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Einsteinx 0 22 tVx 22 V xy x V ta 22 a x V taVV 22 K V x t 22 2 x V V a Einstein z y tx x V t 2 2 1 1 V 22222 tVzyx 22222 V EinsteinkX 1 z y tx x V t 2 LorentzEinstein Hendrik Antoon Lorentz K VogtJean Philippe Rameau Lorentz Einstein Weyl Einstein EinsteinWeyl t Minkowski 2 2 c c ii ii 0 0 Einstein 3210 xxxxfx Jacobi 0det x f Weylf x f x f xx f 2 3210 xxxx 0 2 xx f Einstein Weylf xaaf a i aLorentzWeyl Weyl Einstein Lorentz Euclid 1 x 2 x 0 l 2 0 1 V ll X 2 1 1 V Lorentz YZ 2 1 V tx Minkowski 2 1 V U VVV VU Galileo Taylor Lorentz Einstein MaxwellMaxwell x Y y X t N Vy L x M t Z V z X x Z t M Vx N z L t Y V y Z z Y t L Vz M y N t X V 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZYX NML Maxwell Lorentz 1 1 1 1 1 1 YXN V LMZ V XZM V NLY V ZYL V MNX V EinsteinMaxwell Y V NNM V ZZ Z V MMN V YY LLXX Einstein Einstein Einstein Maxwell BA Maxwell c i A A x A x A F 0 0 0 0 321 312 213 123 E c i E c i E c i E c i BB E c i BB E c i BB F Maxwell 0 0 x F x F x F j x F icj j F gg F ik ki Lorentz 00 0100 0010 00 c v i c v i g 2 1 1 c LorentzMaxwell HEF 222 HEFFe ik ik LorentzEH E HE H EH EH Lorentz Einstein Einstein 2 mcE Einstein L 0 K 1 K cos1 c v LLEinstein 1 1 1 2 10 c LKK Einstein 2 2 2 10 c L KK Newton 2 2 mEkEinstein Einstein 2 0 c E M 2 c E mM Minkowski Hermann Minkowski MinkowskiEinstein EinsteinMinkowski Minkowski zyxPxxxxP 3210 ict ci Euclid Minkowski dxdxds2 EuclidKronecker 22 i dxds 222222 dzdydxdtcds 2 dsPoincar Lorentz 222222 zyxtcs 0sctr P ctr0 2 s ctr0 2 s Minkowskii zyxPxxxxP 3210 ct dxdxds2 Minkowski 1000 0100 0010 0001 2222 xtcs s Euclid MinkowskiEuclid Euclid Weyl Einstein LagrangeHamilton Max PlanckEinstein Planck Lev Davidovich Landau 22222222 dtcdzdydxdtcds 2 222 2 dt dzdydx dt cc ds dt 2 2 1 S 0S b a dsS Minkowski 1 2 2 2 1 t t dt c cS Lagrange 2 2 1 c cL cLagrange Lagrange mcLagrange 2 2 2 1 c mcL L p 2 2 1 c m p EpL 2 2 2 1 c mc E Einstein 2 2 1 c m mt Newton Newton Hamilton Jacob b a i dxmcS 2 ds dx u i i ds du a i i b a ii b a b aiiii dsaxmcxdmcuxdumcS ab i x 0 2 2 ds xd ds du a ii i Newton Lorentz Hamilton ii xdmcuS i i i mcu x S p c iE p4 222 cmpi Hamilton 222 cmpcH Hamilton Jacob 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 mc t S cz S y S x S ds du mcf i i FF 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 c c Fi f c c F f Newton Hamilton Newton Newton Newton LorentzPoincar 1905EinsteinMichelson LorentzFitzGeraldVogtRameauPoincar Lorentz Galileo1904 Lorentz z y x x c t 2 2 2 1 1 c WeylLorentz NewtontLorentz Lorentz Einstein Lorentz Poincar LorentzPoincar Descartes Poincar 22222 zyxs Poincar EinsteinPoincar EinsteinPoincar Lorentz Vlim z y tx t GalileocNewton yxP X0 1 xA0 2 xB 2 21 xx x 0 tP 11 tyxP 22 tyxP 021 ttt V PB tt V PA tt 02 01 PBPA NewtonNewton Newton NewtonMaxwell Newton Galileo Einstein EinsteinEinstein Maxwell Einstein Einstein Karl Marx LorentzPoincar EinsteinEinstein Mach David Hume Poincar NewtonEinstein Newton NewtonNewton Planck Einstein Lorentz Minkowski 1 Einstein J 2009 p243 271 2 M 2006 p133 295 3 Einstein M 2006 p195 204 4 M 2008 p14 170 5 Kip Stephen Thorne M 2008 p54 6 Einstein J 2009 p272 275 7 Einstein J 2009 p369 418 8 Landau Lifshitz M 1959 p28 39 9 Newton M 2006 p8 10 J 2006 p10 14 11 Einstein J 2006 p125 p169 12 Karl Marx Frederick Engels M 2008 p26 13 Max Planck Einstein J 2009 p486 488 Lorentz Einstein Newton Einstein Einstein Einstein T g TG im imim 2 1 Einstein T g TR im imim 2 1 Einstein Einstein Euclid Euclid Euclid Euclid Johann Carl Friedrich GaussFelix KleinGauss EuclidGauss Friedrich Wilhelm BesselGauss Euclid GaussEuclidEuclid Gauss Gauss Gauss Nikolas lvanovich LobachevskyFarkas Bolyai Gauss GaussGeorg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann dxdxgds 2 g g g Einstein Gauss Riemann GaussChristoffel Belmont Lipschitz RudolphRicci CurbastroLevi CivitaRicci Levi Civita Einstein Einstein Ernst MachMach Mach Newton GalileoLorentz MachEinstein Mach Einstein EinsteinNewton m Einstein Einstein 1912Einstein Newton Einstein Einstein Einstein 1913Marcel Grossmann Einstein Einstein Einstein Einstein 4321 xxxx 4321 xxxx Einstein Michael Faraday Einstein Euclid EuclidEuclid Riemann Newton Riemann dxdxgds 2 g Einstein g ggg Minkowski g Gauss Newton Galileo Minkowski Euclid Gauss Euclid P P P P ds 0 s 02 2 ds dx ds dx ds xd Christoffel x g x g x g g 2 1 Einstein0 NewtonPoisson RiemannChristoffel Einstein RiemannChristoffel uu uu u xx B RiemannRiemann Christoffel Bu Bu Euclid Bu RiemannRiemann Minkowski Bu g Minkowski RiemannChristoffel Einstein Bu xxx S x R SRBG gg u lglg 2 G Ricci Einstein Einstein Riemann Christoffel Bu Einstein Einstein BuG 0 Bu g Riemanng uB 1 g 0SRG Einstein 1 0 g x Einstein 1 0 g g H Hd EulerLagrangeEinstein H g H g t x t 2 0 t ggt 2 1 t Einstein Gauss Einstein t Einstein t Levi Civita LorentzErwin Schrodinger Einstein Einstein t Newton Einstein 1 2 1 g ttg x Einstein Newton 0 2 Newton 4 2 Einstein Einstein T t T Einstein ttT 1 2 1 g ttTT x g t Einstein 1 2 1 g T g T x T g TG 2 1 T g TR 2 1 Einstein 1g g Newton R Poisson Einstein Newton Einstein 2 8 c G Gc TT RiemannChristoffel Einstein Einstein 0 x tT Tt EinsteinEinstein t Gauss dstTd x tT 0 x T Einstein 0 2 1 T x g x T g g Euclid T Einstein T x T Einstein ds dx ds dx pg T p EinsteinEuler p ds dx g Lorentz1g MaxwellMinkowski Einstein Lorentz Einstein AF Maxwell AF Lorentz Einstein Einstein JF J Maxwell 0 J 0 Einstein FFFF x g g FFFF x 4 1 2 1 4 1 FFFFT 4 1 Kronecker0T TR 0R TR g R 2 1 TG g G 2 1 Minkowski g 22 dds 0 321 dxdxdx 2 444 2 dxgds 444dx gd 444dx g Einstein r g gg r xx g 1 0 44 44 3 Kronecker 2 3 2 2 2 1 xxxr 8 M 44 g 1 44 gTaylor d g dx 2 1 1 44 4 d r M dx 8 1 4 4 dxd d 4 dx r M 8 1 Einstein dlX 22 dlds 0 324 dxdxdx 111dx gdl dl r M dx 16 1 1 0 314 dxdxdx 2 dxdl 4 x 4 x 0 2 ds 21 xx 2 x0 13 dxdx 22 44 g g Huygens 2 1 dx x B 2 M B Einstein 7 1Arthur Stanley Eddington Newton Newton 1 22 g 44 g Einstein 222 2 3 1 24 ecT a Tae 43545 Newton NewtonLorentz Einstein Einstein Einstein Einstein Einstein David Hilbert Hilbert Einstein Hilbert Hilbert Euler Lagrange HilbertEinstein Hilbert gEinsteinHilbert Einstein HilbertEinstein Einstein Hilbert HilbertEinstein EinsteinHilbert Einstein l s T Hilbert Einstein Grossmann EinsteinRiemann Einstein EuclidGauss Gauss MinkowskiHilbert Kline Hilbert EinsteinEinstein Euclid EinsteinEinstein Karl Schwarzschuld Schwarzschuld Einstein Einstein Einstein Friedmann Pauli Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar OCH MM46 1 O M Chandrasekhar Landau J Robert OppenheimerGeorge Volkov Schwarzschuld John Archibald Wheeler MichelLaplace Schwarzschuld SchwarzschuldSchwarzschuld Schwarzschuld 2 44 222222 11 2 sindtgdrdrdrgds r Euclid 2 4 rS 4ddgdSg t 44 g0 44 gg rA eg 2 44 rB eg 2 11 BA r 0 x r K e rA 1 2 1 2 1 r K e rB 4 M K 2 2 c GM K 2222222 1 2 1sin1dt r K drdrdr r K ds Schwarzschuld0rKr 44 g 11 gKr 6 2 2 48 r M RRR Kr 0r Kr Laplace 2 2 1 mc 44 g ppp dxgd 444444 dxgd 444 dxgd pp 0 44p g 4 x Schwarzschuld Chandrasekhar Schwarzschuld Roger Penrose Hawking Penrose MJQ Hawking Hawking Einstein Einstein Edwin P Hubble Newton LaplaceLaplace Einstein Poisson Einstein T g T g G 2 1 gEinstein Einstein Einstein 0 i x Minkowski 2 1 2R R Euclid 22 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 Rxxxx gKronecker 22222 2 2 2 2 sin 1 drdr R r dr ds 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 s i n 1 r dddl R l l V 0r 32 2RV EinsteinNewton 2 1 R R 3 R EinsteinV 3 2232 32 42 R RM Einstein Newton R Poisson G4 2 Einstein 0 4 G 0 Einstein G4Poisson Newton g0 Einstein Einstein EinsteinHubble FriedmannEinstein Einstein Friedmann Hubble FriedmannFriedmann Friedmann sin 12 cos1 12 2 2 M t M R Friedmann sinh 12 1cosh 12 2 2 M t M R Euclid 22 22 cossin1 coshsinh1 tTaylor Minkowski Euclid Friedmann 32 31 2 8 3 t M R tFriedmann tR Friedmann V Slipher HubbleSlipher Hubble rH0 0 HHubble Hubble HubbleFriedmann EinsteinFriedmann Hubble Hubble 11 500Mpcskm Hubble 11 71MpcskmHubble Hubble Hubble Stephen William Hawking Penrose Hawking HawkingPenrose Penrose Hawking HawkingEinstein Hawking Hawking Einstein Schwarzschuld EinsteinSchwarzschuld Penrose Einstein Hawking 1 Einstein M 2006 p50 2 Einstein J 2009 p201 204 3 Euclid M 2005 p26 28 4 Felix Klein 19 M 2010 p23 35 M 2005 p275 322 M 2005 p214 229 7 Einstein Ernst Mach J 2009 p229 8 Einstein J 2009 p232 272 9 Newton M 2006 p1 7 10 Einstein Marcel Grossmann J 2009 p258 295 11 M 2006 p133 211 12 Einstein E Schrodinger J 2009 p28 29 13 Robert Schulmann J 2009 p44 14 M 2005 p79 15 Landau Lifshitz M 1959 p94 96 16 Einstein J 2009 p192 199 17 Einstein J 2009 p7 16 18 Einstein J 2009 p60 107 19 Hilbert David Hilbert 1915 11 13 J 2009 p196 197 20 Einstein David Hilbert 1915 11 18 J 2009 p203 21 Einstein Hermann Wey 1916 11 23 J 2009 p367 368 22 J 2009 p10 11 23 Einstein David Hilbert 1916 05 25 J 2009 p291 24 Einstein J 2007 p153 25 M 2009 p53 26 Einstein Felix Klein 1917 03 26 J 2009 p434 27 Stephen Hawking M 1988 p14 131 28 Karl Schwarzschuld Karl Schwarzschuld 1915 12 22 J 2009 p226 227 29 M 2010 p76 140 30 Kip Stephen Thorne M 2008 p232 253 31 M 2006 p252 258 32 M 2008 p4 5 33 Roger Penrose J 2003 p24 33 34 Stephen Hawking J 2003 p1 23 35 Einstein J 2009 p412 421 36 H C R M 2006 p399 37 Einstein J 2009 p279 287 38 Einstein J 2009 p12 26 39 Karl Schwarzschuld Karl Schwarzschuld 1916 02 06 J 2009 p258 260 40 Einstein Karl Schwarzschuld 1916 02 19 J 2009 p265 266 41 P G M 1979 p202 203 42 Stephen Hawking J 2003 p70 Aurelius Augustinus Eddington EddingtonEddington Newtontt td d mF i i Kepler Newton Sadi Carnot CarnotCarnot 0 T dQ T dQ dS SRudolf ClausiusWilliam Thomson ClausiusS 0S Ludwig Edward Boltzmann BoltzmannBoltzmann lnKS KPlanckBoltzmann Boltzmann Newton Avogadro Boltzmann Newton Poincar Newton Clausius NewtonBoltzmann Boltzmann Mach Boltzmann Boltzmann Hawking Hawking HawkingHawking Hawking Heisenberg Friedmann HawkingHawking Hawking Hawking Hawking Hawking Hawking Friedmann I llyaPrigogine NewtonEinstein Einstein Michele Besso Besso Newton Laplace Newton Boltzmann trrV m tr t i 2 2 2 tr Boltzmann Newton Prigogine Prigogine Newton Prigogine Newton Prigogine Prigogine Prigogine Laplace Poincar Hamilton CauchyWeierstrass PrigogineBoltzmann Prigogine Prigogine tt Prigogine Prigogine Boltzmann Prigogine Prigogine Boltzmann Prigogine Prigogine t PrigogineAristotle cc Prigogine Prigogine Hawking Boltzmann NewtonNewton Newton Newton Richard Feynman Feynman Feynman Einstein 1 I llyaPrigogine M 2005 p216 296 2 Aurelius Augustinus M 2008 p242 3